Đồng nhất hóa là gì? Các bài nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan

Định nghĩa đồng nhất hóa

Đồng nhất hóa (homogenization) là một phương pháp toán học và vật lý dùng để thay thế một hệ thống có cấu trúc vi mô phức tạp bằng một mô hình hiệu dụng, “đồng nhất” trên quy mô lớn. Thay vì mô tả chi tiết từng phần cấu trúc nhỏ (microstructure), ta tìm các tham số hiệu dụng (effective parameters) để mô hình vĩ mô có hành vi tương đương về mặt trung bình. Phương pháp này giúp giảm độ phức tạp tính toán mà vẫn giữ đúng tính chất vật lý chính của hệ thống.

Trong nhiều lĩnh vực kỹ thuật và khoa học, đồng nhất hóa được áp dụng khi vật liệu hoặc môi trường không đồng nhất—ví dụ như composite, môi trường xốp, mạng mao mạch—với các phần tử có tính chất rất khác nhau về độ dẫn, độ cứng, độ thấm hay dẫn nhiệt. Mô hình hiệu dụng mà đồng nhất hóa cho ra dùng để thay thế mô hình vi mô chi tiết trong phân tích cấu trúc, truyền dẫn hoặc dòng chảy.

Cơ sở toán học của đồng nhất hóa

Một bài toán điển hình trong đồng nhất hóa là bài toán elliptic có hệ số dao động nhanh: $- \nabla \cdot \bigl(A\bigl(\tfrac{x}{\varepsilon}\bigr)\,\nabla u^\varepsilon(x)\bigr) = f(x)$ với $\varepsilon$ là tham số tỉ lệ rất nhỏ (micro‑scale). Khi $\varepsilon \to 0$, nghiệm $u^\varepsilon$ hội tụ (theo cách thích hợp) về nghiệm $u^0$ của bài toán hiệu dụng: $- \nabla \cdot \bigl(A^{\rm eff}\,\nabla u^0(x)\bigr) = f(x)$ với ma trận hệ số hiệu dụng $A^{\rm eff}$.

Phương pháp tiếp cận phổ biến để chứng minh và xây dựng $A^{\rm eff}$ bao gồm phát triển bất đối xứng (asymptotic expansion), hội tụ hai thang đo (two-scale convergence) và lý thuyết G‑convergence. Trong cách tiếp cận asymptotic expansion, ta giả sử: $u^\varepsilon(x) = u^0(x) + \varepsilon u^1\bigl(x,\tfrac{x}{\varepsilon}\bigr) + \varepsilon^2 u^2\bigl(x,\tfrac{x}{\varepsilon}\bigr) + \dots$ với hàm $u^1, u^2$ phụ thuộc biến địa phương $y = x/\varepsilon$. Sau khi đối chiếu các hệ số theo từng bậc $\varepsilon$, ta thu được các bài toán vi mô để tính các hàm điều chỉnh (corrector) và từ đó xác định $A^{\rm eff}$.

Một yếu tố quan trọng là giả định tính chu kỳ hoặc tính ngẫu nhiên tr stationar của vi cấu trúc. Trong trường hợp chu kỳ, ta giả thiết $A(y)$ là hàm $Y$-chu kỳ, và giải bài toán cell để tìm hàm cơ bản $\chi_i(y)$ sao cho: $- \nabla_y \cdot \bigl(A(y)(e_i + \nabla_y \chi_i(y))\bigr) = 0$ với $e_i$ là vector đơn vị. Sau đó: $A^{\rm eff}_{ij} = \int_Y A(y)(e_i + \nabla \chi_i(y)) \cdot (e_j + \nabla \chi_j(y)) \, dy$

Ứng dụng trong cơ học vật liệu

Trong vật liệu composite, vật liệu tổ hợp hoặc vật liệu xốp, tính chất vi mô có thể rất khác nhau giữa các pha (một pha cứng, một pha mềm) hoặc giữa lỗ rỗng và chất nền. Mẫu chi tiết mô tả tất cả pha và lỗ rỗng dẫn đến mô hình rất lớn, khó giải quyết trên máy tính. Bằng đồng nhất hóa, ta xác định mô đun đàn hồi hiệu dụng, độ dẫn nhiệt hiệu dụng, hoặc hệ số truyền ứng lực hiệu dụng để thay thế mô hình vi mô trong mô phỏng cấu trúc.

Ví dụ, trong vật liệu composite hai pha, nếu pha thứ nhất có ma trận đàn hồi $E_1$, pha hai có $E_2$, ta dùng công thức Mori–Tanaka hoặc phương pháp tự đồng nhất (self-consistent scheme) để xấp xỉ mô đun hiệu dụng $E_{\rm eff}$. Các công thức đó xuất phát từ lý thuyết đồng nhất hóa và giả định phân bố pha, tương tác giữa các pha và điều kiện liên kết pha.

Ngoài ra, trong trường hợp vật liệu tổ ong (honeycomb), lưới hoặc foam (bọt), đồng nhất hóa cho phép tính toán độ cứng, độ dẫn nhiệt hay đàn hồi khung một cách hiệu quả. Mô hình hiệu dụng được dùng trong thiết kế cấu trúc kỹ thuật, phân tích biến dạng và ứng suất mà không cần phân giải từng tế bào vi mô.

Đồng nhất hóa trong môi trường xốp và dòng chảy

Trong mô hình dòng chảy qua môi trường xốp, chẳng hạn như dòng chảy nước trong đất hoặc dầu trong tầng chứa, ta bắt đầu với phương trình Navier–Stokes hoặc Stokes vi mô trong các kênh vi mô, sau đó đồng nhất hóa để thu được phương trình Darcy ở quy mô lớn: u^\varepsilon = -K \nabla p^\varepsilon \end{script> K là tensor độ thấm hiệu dụng. Bài toán vi mô tương ứng là giải phương trình Stokes trong vùng lỗ rỗng với điều kiện no-slip trên bề mặt rắn, sau đó lấy ảnh hưởng trung bình cho ra hệ số $K </span>. </p> <p> Trong thực hành, mô hình Brinkman là dạng mở rộng của Darcy để mô phỏng vùng chuyển tiếp giữa lưu thông vi mô và lưu thông vĩ mô: <span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>μ</mi><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mi>μ</mi><mi>K</mi></mfrac><mi>u</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi><mi>p</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> - \mu \nabla^2 u + \frac{\mu}{K} u = -\nabla p </annotation></semantics></math></span></span> Đồng nhất hóa có thể dùng để dẫn xuất hệ số hiệu dụng cho hệ Brinkman từ mô hình vi mô Stokes. </p> <p> Đồng nhất hóa cũng áp dụng cho truyền nhiệt hoặc khuếch tán chất trong môi trường xốp, từ phương trình vi mô: <span> - \nabla \cdot (k\bigl(\tfrac{x}{\varepsilon}\bigr)\nabla T^\varepsilon(x)) = q(x) \end{script> về phương trình hiệu dụng: <script type("math/tex")> - \nabla \cdot (k^{\rm eff} \nabla T^0(x)) = q(x) </span> khi <span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ε</mi><mo>→</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> \varepsilon \to 0 </annotation></semantics></math></span></span>. </p> <h2>Đồng nhất hóa trong các hệ thống đa trường (multi-physics)</h2> <p> Trong nhiều hệ vật lý, các trường vật lý như cơ học, nhiệt, điện và chất lưu có thể tương tác với nhau ở cấp độ vi mô. Đồng nhất hóa cho phép xây dựng mô hình vĩ mô đa trường từ hệ thống vi mô liên kết. Ví dụ, trong piezoelectric composites (vật liệu áp điện), cơ học vi mô và điện trường vi mô đồng thời ảnh hưởng đến phản ứng tổng thể. Tương tự, trong hệ truyền nhiệt–dòng chảy, đồng nhất hóa mô tả mối quan hệ giữa phân bố nhiệt và vận tốc dòng. </p> <p> Một trường hợp điển hình là đồng nhất hóa của hệ nhiệt–cơ (thermoelasticity), trong đó biến dạng vi mô do nhiệt độ ảnh hưởng đến ứng suất vĩ mô. Hệ thống đồng nhất hóa bao gồm đồng thời các hàm test cho nhiệt và cơ học, từ đó dẫn đến mô hình hiệu dụng liên kết giữa mô đun nhiệt giãn và độ dẫn nhiệt. Mô hình kết quả có thể viết dạng tensor coupled: </p><table border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"> <thead> <tr><th>Trường</th><th>Phương trình hiệu dụng</th></tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><td>Ứng suất</td><td><span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>σ</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>C</mi><mtext>eff</mtext></msup><mo>:</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>α</mi><mtext>eff</mtext></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> \sigma = C^{\text{eff}} : \varepsilon - \alpha^{\text{eff}} \Delta T </annotation></semantics></math></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td>Dòng nhiệt</td><td><span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>q</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>k</mi><mtext>eff</mtext></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> q = -k^{\text{eff}} \nabla T </annotation></semantics></math></span></span></td></tr> </tbody> </table> <p></p> <h2>Vai trò trong thiết kế ngược và tối ưu hóa</h2> <p> Đồng nhất hóa là nền tảng của nhiều kỹ thuật thiết kế tối ưu vật liệu, đặc biệt trong thiết kế topology (topology optimization). Phương pháp phổ biến là tối ưu hóa hình dạng vi cấu trúc sao cho tính chất hiệu dụng đạt giá trị mục tiêu. Một ví dụ là tìm phân bố tối ưu của vật liệu cứng–mềm để tăng mô đun đàn hồi hiệu dụng trong một giới hạn khối lượng nhất định. </p> <p> Một trong những công trình tiên phong là của Allaire (2002) với kỹ thuật “homogenization method” dùng để tối ưu hóa cấu trúc, tạo ra các vật liệu có hành vi cơ học tốt vượt trội nhờ điều chỉnh cấu trúc bên trong. Kỹ thuật này được tích hợp vào phần mềm thiết kế kỹ thuật hiện đại để tạo ra vật liệu thông minh và nhẹ. </p> <h2>Đồng nhất hóa trong ngữ cảnh ngẫu nhiên</h2> <p> Khi cấu trúc vi mô không có tính chu kỳ mà thay đổi ngẫu nhiên, đồng nhất hóa vẫn có thể thực hiện thông qua các kỹ thuật xác suất như ergodic theory hoặc stochastic homogenization. Các mô hình này mô tả hệ số dao động như một trường ngẫu nhiên và định nghĩa giá trị hiệu dụng bằng trung bình xác suất. </p> <p> Một ví dụ: giả sử hệ số <span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mrow><mo fence="true">(</mo><mfrac><mi>x</mi><mi>ε</mi></mfrac><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>ω</mi><mo fence="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> A\left(\frac{x}{\varepsilon}, \omega\right) </annotation></semantics></math></span></span> là trường ngẫu nhiên dừng, khi đó vẫn có thể chứng minh rằng nghiệm <span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>u</mi><mi>ε</mi></msup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> u^\varepsilon(x) </annotation></semantics></math></span></span> hội tụ về nghiệm <span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>u</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> u^0(x) </annotation></semantics></math></span></span> của phương trình hiệu dụng với <span class="inline-equation"><span class="katex"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>A</mi><mtext>eff</mtext></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> A^{\text{eff}} </annotation></semantics></math></span></span> được xác định theo trung bình xác suất. Các ứng dụng bao gồm vật liệu sinh học, kết cấu tổn thương ngẫu nhiên, hoặc phân tích rủi ro trong kết cấu. </p> <h2>Các phần mềm và nền tảng tính toán</h2> <p> Hiện nay, có nhiều nền tảng phần mềm tích hợp đồng nhất hóa như: </p><ul> <li><a href="https://www.comsol.com/multiscale-modeling" target="_blank">COMSOL Multiphysics</a>: mô phỏng đa vật lý với mô hình đa tỉ lệ</li> <li><a href="https://www.feap.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank">FEAP</a>: cho phân tích phần tử hữu hạn vi mô và vĩ mô</li> <li><a href="https://fenicsproject.org/" target="_blank">FEniCS</a>: mã nguồn mở, dễ viết mô hình hai thang đo</li> </ul> <p></p> <p> Các công cụ này hỗ trợ mô hình hóa từ cấu trúc hình học phức tạp đến tính toán tensor hiệu dụng bằng phương pháp phần tử hữu hạn (FEM), từ đó hỗ trợ kỹ sư rút ngắn thời gian thiết kế và đánh giá tính chất vật liệu mới. </p> <h2>Xu hướng nghiên cứu và phát triển tương lai</h2> <p> Đồng nhất hóa hiện đại đang mở rộng sang nhiều lĩnh vực mới như vật liệu metamaterial, mô hình pin lithium-ion, mạng mao mạch sinh học, mô phỏng dữ liệu y sinh đa tỉ lệ. Sự kết hợp giữa đồng nhất hóa và học máy (machine learning) cho phép học trực tiếp hàm hiệu dụng từ dữ liệu vi mô, thay vì giải bài toán vi mô lặp lại. </p> <p> Một hướng đi khác là đồng nhất hóa phi định hình (non-periodic homogenization) cho cấu trúc không đều, như mạng lưới neuron, mô hình thành phố hoặc dữ liệu ảnh y tế. Kỹ thuật này giúp nâng cao tính chính xác và khả năng mô hình hóa trong điều kiện thực tế phức tạp, phi lý tưởng. </p> <h2>Tài liệu tham khảo</h2> <ol> <li>Allaire G. <i>Shape Optimization by the Homogenization Method</i>. Springer, 2002. <a href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-04274-9" target="_blank">Link</a></li> <li>Pavliotis GA, Stuart AM. <i>Multiscale Methods: Averaging and Homogenization</i>. Springer, 2008.</li> <li>Bensoussan A, Lions JL, Papanicolaou G. <i>Asymptotic Analysis for Periodic Structures</i>. North-Holland, 1978.</li> <li>Jikov VV, Kozlov SM, Oleinik OA. <i>Homogenization of Differential Operators</i>. Springer, 1994.</li> <li>Milton GW. <i>The Theory of Composites</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Hornung U. <i>Homogenization and Porous Media</i>. Springer, 1997. <a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781461266046" target="_blank">Link</a></li> </ol> </div></div><div class="el-divider el-divider--horizontal" style="--el-border-style:solid;" role="separator"><!--v-if--></div><h2>Các bài báo, nghiên cứu, công bố khoa học về chủ đề đồng nhất hóa:</h2><div><div><!--[--><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/MrBayes-3-Bayesian-phylogenetic-inference-under-mixed-models/be24c045-e7b7-4550-a1e1-e045f167934e" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>MrBayes 3: Suy luận phát sinh loài Bayesian dưới các mô hình hỗn hợp</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Bioinformatics</span> - </span> Tập 19 Số 12 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 1572-1574</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 2003</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:title>Tóm tắt</jats:title> <jats:p>Tóm lược: MrBayes 3 thực hiện phân tích phát sinh loài Bayesian kết hợp thông tin từ các phần dữ liệu hoặc các phân tập khác nhau tiến hóa dưới các mô hình tiến hóa ngẫu nhiên khác nhau. Điều này cho phép người dùng phân tích các tập dữ liệu không đồng nhất bao gồm các loại dữ liệu khác nhau—ví dụ: hình thái, nucleotide và protein—và khám phá...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #phân tích phát sinh loài Bayesian<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #mô hình hỗn hợp<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #dữ liệu không đồng nhất<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #song song hóa<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #phát sinh loài<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 27648<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/19/12/1572/257621" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Harmonizing-the-Metabolic-Syndrome/0a55d046-63ec-4974-ba27-5f963e618063" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Đồng nhất hóa Hội chứng chuyển hóa</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)</span> - </span> Tập 120 Số 16 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 1640-1645</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 2009</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:p>Một tập hợp các yếu tố nguy cơ gây bệnh tim mạch và tiểu đường loại 2, xảy ra cùng nhau thường xuyên hơn so với ngẫu nhiên, đã được biết đến với tên gọi là hội chứng chuyển hóa. Các yếu tố nguy cơ bao gồm huyết áp cao, rối loạn lipid máu (tăng triglyceride và giảm cholesterol HDL), glucose lúc đói tăng cao và béo phì trung tâm. Trong thập kỷ qua, nhiều tiêu chí chẩn đoán khác nhau đã được ...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #hội chứng chuyển hóa<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #bệnh tim mạch<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #tiểu đường loại 2<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #huyết áp<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #rối loạn lipid<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #béo phì trung tâm<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 12541<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Evaluated-Kinetic-Data-for-Combustion-Modelling/902860cf-5e89-43b0-9c72-bec7f560fdbb" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Dữ Liệu Kỹ Thuật Đánh Giá cho Mô Hình Hóa Sự Cháy</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data</span> - </span> Tập 21 Số 3 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 411</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 1992</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:p>Tài liệu này chứa đựng các dữ liệu động học được đánh giá kỹ lưỡng về các quá trình khí đồng nhất trong pha khí để sử dụng trong việc mô hình hóa các quá trình. Các bảng dữ liệu được trình bày cho khoảng 196, mỗi bảng dữ liệu đều cung cấp các thông tin liên quan, các phép đo hệ số tốc độ, đánh giá độ tin cậy của dữ liệu, các tài liệu tham khảo và các thông số tốc độ được đề xuất. Các bảng ...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #dữ liệu động học<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #mô hình hóa sự cháy<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #khí đồng nhất<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #metan<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #etan<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #khí thải<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #hợp chất thơm<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 1999<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://pubs.aip.org/jpr/article/21/3/411/241441/Evaluated-Kinetic-Data-for-Combustion-Modelling" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Morphological-heterogeneity-among-Salmonella-lipopolysaccharide-chemotypes-in-silver-stained-polyacrylamide-gels/bd5acf9d-b7c3-4101-9938-625db9537831" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Tính không đồng nhất hình thái giữa các hóa kiểu lipopolysaccharide của Salmonella trong gel polyacrylamide bạc nhuộm</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Journal of Bacteriology</span> - </span> Tập 154 Số 1 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 269-277</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 1983</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:p>Sự không đồng nhất hình thái của lipopolysaccharide (LPS) giữa các đột biến salmonella với các hóa kiểu LPS khác nhau đã được phân tích trong gel polyacrylamide bạc nhuộm. Sự khác biệt sinh hóa trong các hóa kiểu LPS đã được phản ánh qua các hồ sơ độc đáo của LPS tinh khiết. Hồ sơ LPS trong lysates tế bào toàn phần cũng độc đáo cho từng hóa kiểu. (Các lysates tế bào toàn phần được đánh giá...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Salmonella<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #lipopolysaccharides<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #hóa kiểu LPS<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #gel polyacrylamide bạc nhuộm<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #biến đổi sinh hóa<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 1963<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jb.154.1.269-277.1983" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Sequence-heterogeneities-of-genes-encoding-16S-rRNAs-in-Paenibacillus-polymyxa-detected-by-temperature-gradient-gel-electrophoresis/0567c14c-1c70-4bb6-8a74-6a9a6d90efd5" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Sự không đồng nhất của các gen mã hóa 16S rRNA trong Paenibacillus polymyxa được phát hiện qua điện di gel nhiệt độ gradient</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Journal of Bacteriology</span> - </span> Tập 178 Số 19 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 5636-5643</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 1996</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:p>Những sự không đồng nhất trong các gen 16S rRNA từ các chủng riêng lẻ của Paenibacillus polymyxa đã được phát hiện thông qua sự phân tách phụ thuộc vào trình tự của các sản phẩm PCR bằng phương pháp điện di gel nhiệt độ gradient (TGGE). Một đoạn của các gen 16S rRNA, bao gồm các vùng biến đổi V6 đến V8, đã được sử dụng làm trình tự mục tiêu cho các phản ứng khuếch đại. Các sản phẩm PCR từ ...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 1364<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jb.178.19.5636-5643.1996" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Metal-Free-Heterogeneous-Catalysis-for-Sustainable-Chemistry/f09f433e-5ed4-4c77-922e-b2b5b95da1ea" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Catalysis đồng nhất không có kim loại cho hóa học bền vững</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Wiley</span> - </span> Tập 3 Số 2 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 169-180</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 2010</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:title>Tóm tắt</jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Các quy trình xúc tác hiện tại được thiết lập trong ngành công nghiệp hóa chất thường sử dụng kim loại, trong nhiều trường hợp là kim loại quý, hoặc oxit kim loại làm xúc tác. Các quá trình này thường tiêu tốn năng lượng và không có tính chọn lọc cao, gây lãng phí tài nguyên và tạo ra khí nhà kính. Xúc tác dị thể không có kim loại bằng carbon ho...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 548<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cssc.200900180" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Glucose-Metabolism-Heterogeneity-in-Human-and-Mouse-Malignant-Glioma-Cell-Lines/f8f12b05-8fd1-4e09-802d-ac3f1f57dd91" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Sự không đồng nhất trong chuyển hóa glucose ở các dòng tế bào glioma ác tính ở người và chuột</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Journal of Neuro-Oncology</span> - </span> Tập 74 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 123-133</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 2005</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class="">Nghiên cứu hiện tại đã xem xét các dấu hiệu sinh năng lượng cụ thể liên quan đến kiểu hình chuyển hóa của một số dòng tế bào glioma ở người và chuột. Dựa trên các nghiên cứu sơ bộ, chúng tôi giả thuyết rằng các tế bào glioma sẽ biểu hiện một trong ít nhất hai kiểu hình chuyển hóa khác nhau, có thể đã được tích lũy qua quá trình tiến hóa. Các dòng tế bào glioma D-54MG và GL261 thể hiện kiểu hình ph...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #glioma<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #metabolic phenotype<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #oxidative phosphorylation<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #glycolysis<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #lactate dehydrogenase<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 224<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-004-6404-6" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Taxonomic-and-functional-homogenization-of-farmland-birds-along-an-urbanization-gradient-in-a-tropical-megacity/5f8ccd6f-d35b-4e9b-8656-c1ad2ee5017d" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Sự đồng nhất về phân loại và chức năng của các loài chim nông trại dọc theo gradient đô thị hóa ở một siêu đô thị nhiệt đới</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Global Change Biology</span> - </span> Tập 27 Số 20 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 4980-4994</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 2021</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:title>Tóm tắt</jats:title><jats:p>Đô thị hóa là một động lực chính dẫn đến sự thay đổi về sử dụng đất và sự suy giảm đa dạng sinh học. Mặc dù hầu hết các điểm nóng đô thị hóa hiện tại và tương lai nằm ở phía Nam toàn cầu, tác động của việc mở rộng đô thị đối với đa dạng sinh học nông nghiệp và các chức năng và dịch vụ liên quan ở những khu vực này thường bị bỏ qua. Thêm vào đó, hầu hết các n...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 59<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15755" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Contained-non-homogeneous-flow-under-gravity-or-how-to-stratify-a-fluid-in-the-laboratory/bd1bc7bd-0316-483e-a1a7-40020cb44f33" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Dòng chảy không đồng nhất bị chứa dưới tác động của trọng lực hoặc cách phân tầng một chất lỏng trong phòng thí nghiệm</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Journal of Fluid Mechanics</span> - </span> Tập 48 Số 4 <span data-v-d071913d> - Trang 647-672</span><span data-v-d071913d> - 1971</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:p>Đã chứng minh rằng sự phân tầng cơ bản trong một vùng chất lỏng chịu tác động của nhiệt có thể được dự đoán khá đơn giản cho một lớp các điều kiện biên tương đối rộng. Các nghiệm thức rõ ràng được rút ra trong một số trường hợp cụ thể. Một phương pháp thí nghiệm hữu ích để duy trì một hệ thống phân tầng với sự biến đổi mật độ theo phương thẳng đứng được chỉ định tùy ý xuất hiện từ phân tíc...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 47<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022112071001782/type/journal_article" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn <!--]--></span></button><span class="save-button-container" data-v-d071913d data-v-c008b161><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-c008b161><i class="el-icon" style=""><!--[--><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-c008b161 data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-bookmark" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span><!--]--><!--]--></i><span class=""><!--[--> Lưu lại<!--]--></span></button></span><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><div class="entity-item-container" data-v-d071913d><a href="/publication/Conspecificity-of-two-morphologically-distinct-calcified-red-algae-from-the-northwest-Pacific-Ocean-Galaxaura-pacifica-and-G-filamentosa-Galaxauraceae-Rhodophyta-/607aa79c-dd72-4146-ab70-8c5476edf3b9" class="entity-title" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Tính đồng nhất của hai loài tảo đỏ hóa thạch có hình thái khác nhau từ khu vực tây bắc Thái Bình Dương: Galaxaura pacifica và G. filamentosa (Galaxauraceae, Rhodophyta)</span><!----><span class="el-tag el-tag--warning el-tag--small el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-robot" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Dịch bởi AI <!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span></a><div class="publish-info" data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d><span data-v-d071913d>Botanical Studies</span> - </span> <!----><span data-v-d071913d> - 2013</span></div><!----><div class="abstract-container" data-v-d071913d><div data-v-d071913d><div><span class=""><jats:title>Tóm tắt</jats:title> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Nền tảng</jats:title> <jats:p>Các thành viên của chi tảo đỏ hóa thạch <jats:italic>Galaxaura</jats:italic> chủ yếu phân bố ở các khu vực ấm, ôn đới, cận nhiệt đới và nhiệt đới trên toàn cầu. Khả năng hình thành thallus hóa thạch của các loài tảo này có thể đóng vai trò quan trọng trong chu trình carbon của hệ...</span><span>... <span class="truncate-button"> hiện toàn bộ</span></span></div><!----></div></div><div class="keyword-container" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #Galaxaura<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #tảo đỏ<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #đồng nhất<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #hình thái<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #phân tích phân tử<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style="" data-v-d071913d><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[--> #đa dạng sinh học<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><!--]--></div><div class="el-row" style="" data-v-d071913d data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><div class="el-col el-col-24" style="" data-v-5c117f8d><!--[--><!--[--><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><span data-v-5c117f8d><!----></span><!--]--><!--]--></div><!--]--></div><div class="action-container" data-v-d071913d><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-left" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> 19<!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-plain is-round" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><a href="https://as-botanicalstudies.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/1999-3110-54-1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-v-d071913d><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-link" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Đi đến bài báo <!--]--></a><!--]--></span></button><button ariadisabled="false" type="button" class="el-button el-button--primary el-button--small is-text" style="" data-v-d071913d><!--v-if--><span class=""><!--[--><span class="icon enabled" style="color:inherit !important;cursor:unset;" data-v-d071913d data-v-f4e97fe2><i class="fas fa-quote-right" style="font-size:inherit;color:inherit !important;" data-v-f4e97fe2></i></span> Trích dẫn 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class="post-page-container"><!--[--><div class="entity-item-container"><a href="/topic/16s rrna" class=""><span class="el-tag el-tag--primary el-tag--light" style=""><span class="el-tag__content"><!--[-->#16s rrna<!--]--></span><!--v-if--></span><br><p>16s rrna là gì? 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trang","Page numbers",{},"pages",{"code":5,"data":308,"meta":17},{"id":309,"title":310,"slug":17,"description":311,"content":312,"createUser":313,"publishUser":316,"keywords":320,"keywordCount":34,"enrichTopicLink":24,"status":321,"createTime":322,"updateTime":323,"publishTime":324,"viewCount":325,"relateTopics":326,"publications":357},"đồng nhất hóa","Đồng nhất hóa là gì? Các bài nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan","Đồng nhất hóa là phương pháp toán học mô tả hệ vi mô phức tạp bằng mô hình hiệu dụng đơn giản giúp phân tích hành vi trung bình của vật liệu hoặc môi trường. Kỹ thuật này thay thế hệ số dao động nhanh bằng hệ số ổn định, thường dùng trong cơ học, truyền nhiệt, môi trường xốp và thiết kế vật liệu đa trường. ","\u003Cdiv>\u003Ch2>Định nghĩa đồng nhất hóa\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\nĐồng nhất hóa (homogenization) là một phương pháp toán học và vật lý dùng để thay thế một hệ thống có cấu trúc vi mô phức tạp bằng một mô hình hiệu dụng, “đồng nhất” trên quy mô lớn. Thay vì mô tả chi tiết từng phần cấu trúc nhỏ (microstructure), ta tìm các tham số hiệu dụng (effective parameters) để mô hình vĩ mô có hành vi tương đương về mặt trung bình. Phương pháp này giúp giảm độ phức tạp tính toán mà vẫn giữ đúng tính chất vật lý chính của hệ thống.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nTrong nhiều lĩnh vực kỹ thuật và khoa học, đồng nhất hóa được áp dụng khi vật liệu hoặc môi trường không đồng nhất—ví dụ như composite, môi trường xốp, mạng mao mạch—với các phần tử có tính chất rất khác nhau về độ dẫn, độ cứng, độ thấm hay dẫn nhiệt. Mô hình hiệu dụng mà đồng nhất hóa cho ra dùng để thay thế mô hình vi mô chi tiết trong phân tích cấu trúc, truyền dẫn hoặc dòng chảy.\n\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Ch2>Cơ sở toán học của đồng nhất hóa\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\nMột bài toán điển hình trong đồng nhất hóa là bài toán elliptic có hệ số dao động nhanh: \n\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\n- \\nabla \\cdot \\bigl(A\\bigl(\\tfrac{x}{\\varepsilon}\\bigr)\\,\\nabla u^\\varepsilon(x)\\bigr) = f(x)\n\u003C/script> \nvới \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> \\varepsilon \u003C/script> là tham số tỉ lệ rất nhỏ (micro‑scale). Khi \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> \\varepsilon \\to 0 \u003C/script>, nghiệm \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> u^\\varepsilon \u003C/script> hội tụ (theo cách thích hợp) về nghiệm \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> u^0 \u003C/script> của bài toán hiệu dụng: \n\u003Cscript type(math tex)>\n- \\nabla \\cdot \\bigl(A^{\\rm eff}\\,\\nabla u^0(x)\\bigr) = f(x)\n\u003C/script> \nvới ma trận hệ số hiệu dụng \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> A^{\\rm eff} \u003C/script>.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nPhương pháp tiếp cận phổ biến để chứng minh và xây dựng \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> A^{\\rm eff} \u003C/script> bao gồm phát triển bất đối xứng (asymptotic expansion), hội tụ hai thang đo (two-scale convergence) và lý thuyết G‑convergence. Trong cách tiếp cận asymptotic expansion, ta giả sử:\n\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\nu^\\varepsilon(x) = u^0(x) + \\varepsilon u^1\\bigl(x,\\tfrac{x}{\\varepsilon}\\bigr) + \\varepsilon^2 u^2\\bigl(x,\\tfrac{x}{\\varepsilon}\\bigr) + \\dots\n\u003C/script> \nvới hàm \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> u^1, u^2 \u003C/script> phụ thuộc biến địa phương \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> y = x/\\varepsilon \u003C/script>. Sau khi đối chiếu các hệ số theo từng bậc \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> \\varepsilon \u003C/script>, ta thu được các bài toán vi mô để tính các hàm điều chỉnh (corrector) và từ đó xác định \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> A^{\\rm eff} \u003C/script>.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nMột yếu tố quan trọng là giả định tính chu kỳ hoặc tính ngẫu nhiên tr stationar của vi cấu trúc. Trong trường hợp chu kỳ, ta giả thiết \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> A(y) \u003C/script> là hàm \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> Y \u003C/script>-chu kỳ, và giải bài toán cell để tìm hàm cơ bản \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> \\chi_i(y) \u003C/script> sao cho: \n\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\n- \\nabla_y \\cdot \\bigl(A(y)(e_i + \\nabla_y \\chi_i(y))\\bigr) = 0\n\u003C/script> \nvới \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> e_i \u003C/script> là vector đơn vị. Sau đó:\n\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\nA^{\\rm eff}_{ij} = \\int_Y A(y)(e_i + \\nabla \\chi_i(y)) \\cdot (e_j + \\nabla \\chi_j(y)) \\, dy\n\u003C/script>\n\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Ch2>Ứng dụng trong cơ học vật liệu\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\nTrong vật liệu composite, vật liệu tổ hợp hoặc vật liệu xốp, tính chất vi mô có thể rất khác nhau giữa các pha (một pha cứng, một pha mềm) hoặc giữa lỗ rỗng và chất nền. Mẫu chi tiết mô tả tất cả pha và lỗ rỗng dẫn đến mô hình rất lớn, khó giải quyết trên máy tính. Bằng đồng nhất hóa, ta xác định mô đun đàn hồi hiệu dụng, độ dẫn nhiệt hiệu dụng, hoặc hệ số truyền ứng lực hiệu dụng để thay thế mô hình vi mô trong mô phỏng cấu trúc.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nVí dụ, trong vật liệu composite hai pha, nếu pha thứ nhất có ma trận đàn hồi \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> E_1 \u003C/script>, pha hai có \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> E_2 \u003C/script>, ta dùng công thức Mori–Tanaka hoặc phương pháp tự đồng nhất (self-consistent scheme) để xấp xỉ mô đun hiệu dụng \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> E_{\\rm eff} \u003C/script>. Các công thức đó xuất phát từ lý thuyết đồng nhất hóa và giả định phân bố pha, tương tác giữa các pha và điều kiện liên kết pha.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nNgoài ra, trong trường hợp vật liệu tổ ong (honeycomb), lưới hoặc foam (bọt), đồng nhất hóa cho phép tính toán độ cứng, độ dẫn nhiệt hay đàn hồi khung một cách hiệu quả. Mô hình hiệu dụng được dùng trong thiết kế cấu trúc kỹ thuật, phân tích biến dạng và ứng suất mà không cần phân giải từng tế bào vi mô.\n\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Ch2>Đồng nhất hóa trong môi trường xốp và dòng chảy\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\nTrong mô hình dòng chảy qua môi trường xốp, chẳng hạn như dòng chảy nước trong đất hoặc dầu trong tầng chứa, ta bắt đầu với phương trình Navier–Stokes hoặc Stokes vi mô trong các kênh vi mô, sau đó đồng nhất hóa để thu được phương trình Darcy ở quy mô lớn: \n\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\nu^\\varepsilon = -K \\nabla p^\\varepsilon\n\\end{script> \nK là tensor độ thấm hiệu dụng. Bài toán vi mô tương ứng là giải phương trình Stokes trong vùng lỗ rỗng với điều kiện no-slip trên bề mặt rắn, sau đó lấy ảnh hưởng trung bình cho ra hệ số \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> K \u003C/script>.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nTrong thực hành, mô hình Brinkman là dạng mở rộng của Darcy để mô phỏng vùng chuyển tiếp giữa lưu thông vi mô và lưu thông vĩ mô: \n\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\n- \\mu \\nabla^2 u + \\frac{\\mu}{K} u = -\\nabla p\n\u003C/script> \nĐồng nhất hóa có thể dùng để dẫn xuất hệ số hiệu dụng cho hệ Brinkman từ mô hình vi mô Stokes. \n\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nĐồng nhất hóa cũng áp dụng cho truyền nhiệt hoặc khuếch tán chất trong môi trường xốp, từ phương trình vi mô: \n\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\">\n- \\nabla \\cdot (k\\bigl(\\tfrac{x}{\\varepsilon}\\bigr)\\nabla T^\\varepsilon(x)) = q(x)\n\\end{script> \nvề phương trình hiệu dụng: \n\u003Cscript type(\"math/tex\")>\n- \\nabla \\cdot (k^{\\rm eff} \\nabla T^0(x)) = q(x)\n\u003C/script> \nkhi \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> \\varepsilon \\to 0 \u003C/script>. \n\u003C/p>\n\u003Ch2>Đồng nhất hóa trong các hệ thống đa trường (multi-physics)\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\nTrong nhiều hệ vật lý, các trường vật lý như cơ học, nhiệt, điện và chất lưu có thể tương tác với nhau ở cấp độ vi mô. Đồng nhất hóa cho phép xây dựng mô hình vĩ mô đa trường từ hệ thống vi mô liên kết. Ví dụ, trong piezoelectric composites (vật liệu áp điện), cơ học vi mô và điện trường vi mô đồng thời ảnh hưởng đến phản ứng tổng thể. Tương tự, trong hệ truyền nhiệt–dòng chảy, đồng nhất hóa mô tả mối quan hệ giữa phân bố nhiệt và vận tốc dòng.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nMột trường hợp điển hình là đồng nhất hóa của hệ nhiệt–cơ (thermoelasticity), trong đó biến dạng vi mô do nhiệt độ ảnh hưởng đến ứng suất vĩ mô. Hệ thống đồng nhất hóa bao gồm đồng thời các hàm test cho nhiệt và cơ học, từ đó dẫn đến mô hình hiệu dụng liên kết giữa mô đun nhiệt giãn và độ dẫn nhiệt. Mô hình kết quả có thể viết dạng tensor coupled:\n\u003C/p>\u003Ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"6\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n\u003Cthead>\n\u003Ctr>\u003Cth>Trường\u003C/th>\u003Cth>Phương trình hiệu dụng\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/thead>\n\u003Ctbody>\n\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>Ứng suất\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> \\sigma = C^{\\text{eff}} : \\varepsilon - \\alpha^{\\text{eff}} \\Delta T \u003C/script>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd>Dòng nhiệt\u003C/td>\u003Ctd>\u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> q = -k^{\\text{eff}} \\nabla T \u003C/script>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\n\u003C/tbody>\n\u003C/table>\n\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Ch2>Vai trò trong thiết kế ngược và tối ưu hóa\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\nĐồng nhất hóa là nền tảng của nhiều kỹ thuật thiết kế tối ưu vật liệu, đặc biệt trong thiết kế topology (topology optimization). Phương pháp phổ biến là tối ưu hóa hình dạng vi cấu trúc sao cho tính chất hiệu dụng đạt giá trị mục tiêu. Một ví dụ là tìm phân bố tối ưu của vật liệu cứng–mềm để tăng mô đun đàn hồi hiệu dụng trong một giới hạn khối lượng nhất định.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nMột trong những công trình tiên phong là của Allaire (2002) với kỹ thuật “homogenization method” dùng để tối ưu hóa cấu trúc, tạo ra các vật liệu có hành vi cơ học tốt vượt trội nhờ điều chỉnh cấu trúc bên trong. Kỹ thuật này được tích hợp vào phần mềm thiết kế kỹ thuật hiện đại để tạo ra vật liệu thông minh và nhẹ.\n\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Ch2>Đồng nhất hóa trong ngữ cảnh ngẫu nhiên\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\nKhi cấu trúc vi mô không có tính chu kỳ mà thay đổi ngẫu nhiên, đồng nhất hóa vẫn có thể thực hiện thông qua các kỹ thuật xác suất như ergodic theory hoặc stochastic homogenization. Các mô hình này mô tả hệ số dao động như một trường ngẫu nhiên và định nghĩa giá trị hiệu dụng bằng trung bình xác suất.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nMột ví dụ: giả sử hệ số \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> A\\left(\\frac{x}{\\varepsilon}, \\omega\\right) \u003C/script> là trường ngẫu nhiên dừng, khi đó vẫn có thể chứng minh rằng nghiệm \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> u^\\varepsilon(x) \u003C/script> hội tụ về nghiệm \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> u^0(x) \u003C/script> của phương trình hiệu dụng với \u003Cscript type=\"math/tex\"> A^{\\text{eff}} \u003C/script> được xác định theo trung bình xác suất. Các ứng dụng bao gồm vật liệu sinh học, kết cấu tổn thương ngẫu nhiên, hoặc phân tích rủi ro trong kết cấu.\n\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Ch2>Các phần mềm và nền tảng tính toán\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\nHiện nay, có nhiều nền tảng phần mềm tích hợp đồng nhất hóa như:\n\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\n\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.comsol.com/multiscale-modeling\" target=\"_blank\">COMSOL Multiphysics\u003C/a>: mô phỏng đa vật lý với mô hình đa tỉ lệ\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://www.feap.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">FEAP\u003C/a>: cho phân tích phần tử hữu hạn vi mô và vĩ mô\u003C/li>\n\u003Cli>\u003Ca href=\"https://fenicsproject.org/\" target=\"_blank\">FEniCS\u003C/a>: mã nguồn mở, dễ viết mô hình hai thang đo\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ul>\n\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nCác công cụ này hỗ trợ mô hình hóa từ cấu trúc hình học phức tạp đến tính toán tensor hiệu dụng bằng phương pháp phần tử hữu hạn (FEM), từ đó hỗ trợ kỹ sư rút ngắn thời gian thiết kế và đánh giá tính chất vật liệu mới.\n\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Ch2>Xu hướng nghiên cứu và phát triển tương lai\u003C/h2>\n\u003Cp>\nĐồng nhất hóa hiện đại đang mở rộng sang nhiều lĩnh vực mới như vật liệu metamaterial, mô hình pin lithium-ion, mạng mao mạch sinh học, mô phỏng dữ liệu y sinh đa tỉ lệ. Sự kết hợp giữa đồng nhất hóa và học máy (machine learning) cho phép học trực tiếp hàm hiệu dụng từ dữ liệu vi mô, thay vì giải bài toán vi mô lặp lại.\n\u003C/p>\n\u003Cp>\nMột hướng đi khác là đồng nhất hóa phi định hình (non-periodic homogenization) cho cấu trúc không đều, như mạng lưới neuron, mô hình thành phố hoặc dữ liệu ảnh y tế. Kỹ thuật này giúp nâng cao tính chính xác và khả năng mô hình hóa trong điều kiện thực tế phức tạp, phi lý tưởng.\n\u003C/p>\n\n\u003Ch2>Tài liệu tham khảo\u003C/h2>\n\u003Col>\n \u003Cli>Allaire G. \u003Ci>Shape Optimization by the Homogenization Method\u003C/i>. Springer, 2002. \u003Ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-04274-9\" target=\"_blank\">Link\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Pavliotis GA, Stuart AM. \u003Ci>Multiscale Methods: Averaging and Homogenization\u003C/i>. Springer, 2008.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Bensoussan A, Lions JL, Papanicolaou G. \u003Ci>Asymptotic Analysis for Periodic Structures\u003C/i>. North-Holland, 1978.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Jikov VV, Kozlov SM, Oleinik OA. \u003Ci>Homogenization of Differential Operators\u003C/i>. Springer, 1994.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Milton GW. \u003Ci>The Theory of Composites\u003C/i>. Cambridge University Press, 2002.\u003C/li>\n \u003Cli>Hornung U. \u003Ci>Homogenization and Porous Media\u003C/i>. Springer, 1997. \u003Ca href=\"https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781461266046\" target=\"_blank\">Link\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\n\u003C/ol>\n\u003C/div>",{"id":34,"researcherId":17,"name":314,"imageUrl":315},"Nguyễn Ngọc Sơn","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a/ACg8ocLGfGsF1nYQqYK5BasTLhNu1dBrBXg2fcEgBNPXJ0p2gqLQnO7i=s96-c",{"id":317,"researcherId":17,"name":318,"imageUrl":319},2633,"Hoài Đặng","https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a/ACg8ocLVXVafUxrnnC_H60UeQdpLE3UgeKGCSesypz_6Vi59B-n9C41A=s96-c",[309],"PUBLISHED","2025-09-26T01:33:01.625+00:00","2025-09-29T10:12:36.556+00:00","2025-09-29T10:12:36.533+00:00",17,[327,330,333,336,339,342,345,348,351,354],{"id":328,"title":329},"16s rrna","16s rrna là gì? Các bài báo nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"id":331,"title":332},"thay van động mạch chủ","Thay van động mạch chủ là gì? Nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"id":334,"title":335},"đối tượng hàm","Đối tượng hàm là gì? Các bài nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"id":337,"title":338},"endothélium","Endothélium là gì? Các bài nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"id":340,"title":341},"hiện tượng raynaud","Hiện tượng raynaud là gì? Các nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"id":343,"title":344},"lý thuyết cửa số dịch chuyển","Lý thuyết cửa số dịch chuyển là gì? Các nghiên cứu khoa học",{"id":346,"title":347},"điểm tsuji","Điểm tsuji là gì? Các bài báo nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"id":349,"title":350},"her 2","Her 2 là gì? Các bài báo nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"id":352,"title":353},"terbinafine","Terbinafine là gì? Các bài nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"id":355,"title":356},"quy trình thiết kế","Quy trình thiết kế là gì? Các nghiên cứu khoa học liên quan",{"meta":358,"data":360},{"total":359},"192",[361,605,1046,1369,1689,2073,2751,3161,3729,3954],{"id":362,"createTime":363,"updateTime":364,"relativeEntities":365,"slug":366,"properties":367,"entityType":205,"verifyStatus":384,"verifyTime":385,"verifyNote":386,"syncStatus":387,"languages":388,"translateLanguages":390,"viewCount":22,"primaryUrl":392,"fullTextUrl":17,"authors":393,"publicationType":207,"publisherRelationship":438,"citationCount":586,"citationInfo":587,"publishDate":602,"publishYear":603,"citationAnalyzeStatus":387,"lastCitationAnalyze":17,"indexDatabases":17,"openAccess":17,"references":604,"isForceReanalyzing":24},"be24c045-e7b7-4550-a1e1-e045f167934e","2024-09-12T12:13:52.466+00:00","2024-12-26T00:51:27.794+00:00",[],"MrBayes-3-Bayesian-phylogenetic-inference-under-mixed-models",{"mag":368,"keywords":370,"openalex":372,"abstract":374,"title":377,"pm":380,"doi":382},{"VOID":369},"2146058063",{"VI":371},"phân tích phát sinh loài Bayesian, mô hình hỗn hợp, dữ liệu không đồng nhất, song song hóa, phát sinh loài",{"VOID":373},"W2146058063",{"EN":375,"VI":376},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C/jats:title>\n \u003Cjats:p>Summary: MrBayes 3 performs Bayesian phylogenetic analysis combining information from different data partitions or subsets evolving under different stochastic evolutionary models. This allows the user to analyze heterogeneous data sets consisting of different data types—e.g. morphological, nucleotide, and protein—and to explore a wide variety of structured models mixing partition-unique and shared parameters. The program employs MPI to parallelize Metropolis coupling on Macintosh or UNIX clusters.\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003Cjats:p>Availability: http://morphbank.ebc.uu.se/mrbayes\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003Cjats:p>Contact: fredrik.ronquist@ebc.uu.se\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003Cjats:p>* To whom correspondence should be addressed.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Tóm tắt\u003C/jats:title>\n \u003Cjats:p>Tóm lược: MrBayes 3 thực hiện phân tích phát sinh loài Bayesian kết hợp thông tin từ các phần dữ liệu hoặc các phân tập khác nhau tiến hóa dưới các mô hình tiến hóa ngẫu nhiên khác nhau. Điều này cho phép người dùng phân tích các tập dữ liệu không đồng nhất bao gồm các loại dữ liệu khác nhau—ví dụ: hình thái, nucleotide và protein—và khám phá nhiều loại mô hình cấu trúc kết hợp tham số duy nhất và chung của phần. Chương trình sử dụng MPI để song song hóa kết hợp Metropolis trên các cụm máy Macintosh hoặc UNIX.\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003Cjats:p>Khả dụng: http://morphbank.ebc.uu.se/mrbayes\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003Cjats:p>Liên hệ: fredrik.ronquist@ebc.uu.se\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003Cjats:p>* Địa chỉ thông tin liên lạc.\u003C/jats:p>",{"EN":378,"VI":379},"MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models","MrBayes 3: Suy luận phát sinh loài Bayesian dưới các mô hình hỗn hợp",{"VOID":381},"12912839",{"VOID":383},"10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180","VERIFIED","2024-09-12T12:13:52.465+00:00","Auto Verify","PENDING",[389],"EN",[391],"VI","https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/19/12/1572/257621",[394,416],{"id":395,"sortIndex":34,"researcher":17,"roles":396,"affiliations":397,"properties":409},"da338d91-51a9-49e0-818d-29369e51b734",[],[398],{"id":399,"sortIndex":22,"affiliation":400,"properties":17},"e90b228c-ecee-40ee-ba1b-1795c9a91144",{"id":401,"createTime":402,"updateTime":403,"relativeEntities":404,"slug":405,"properties":406,"entityType":21,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22},"f6b2fd23-b230-4436-84d3-478f97ede4b7","2024-01-27T22:32:21.207+00:00","2024-09-12T12:13:52.487+00:00",[],"Section-of-Ecology-Behavior-and-Evolution-Division-of-Biological-Sciences-University-of-California-San-Diego-La-Jolla-CA-92093-0116-USA",{"title":407},{"VI":408},"Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 USA",{"openalex":410,"orcid":412,"title":414},{"VOID":411},"A5068909032",{"VOID":413},"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3050-9997",{"EN":415},"John P. Huelsenbeck",{"id":417,"sortIndex":22,"researcher":17,"roles":418,"affiliations":419,"properties":431},"8355899d-3b9e-4f50-bfa4-753eb3cbbb04",[],[420],{"id":421,"sortIndex":22,"affiliation":422,"properties":17},"6c07e0b5-eb61-45d9-9f93-f187d1301ac4",{"id":423,"createTime":424,"updateTime":425,"relativeEntities":426,"slug":427,"properties":428,"entityType":21,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22},"6a4595cd-b5e4-42f9-8604-77520a0d46d1","2024-09-12T12:13:52.474+00:00","2024-11-26T19:32:16.373+00:00",[],"Department-of-Systematic-Zoology-Evolutionary-Biology-Centre-Uppsala-University-Norbyv-18D-SE-752-36-Uppsala-Sweden-",{"title":429},{"EN":430},"Department of Systematic Zoology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.",{"openalex":432,"orcid":434,"title":436},{"VOID":433},"A5048208979",{"VOID":435},"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3929-251X",{"EN":437},"Fredrik Ronquist",{"url":17,"publisher":439,"properties":579},{"id":440,"createTime":441,"updateTime":442,"relativeEntities":443,"slug":444,"properties":445,"entityType":153,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22,"subjectFields":455,"manageAffiliations":456,"indexDatabases":457,"url":502,"thumbnailPath":17,"statistic":503,"gsStatistic":17,"type":17,"analyzePriority":17},"6624d7c2-f227-440b-b1ed-9ff88a3948fe","2023-05-29T10:28:09.117+00:00","2025-01-26T03:59:42.712+00:00",[],"Bioinformatics",{"country":446,"issn":448,"introduce":450,"eissn":452,"title":454},{"VOID":447},"GB",{"VOID":449},"13674803",{"EN":451},"The leading journal in its field, Bioinformatics publishes the highest quality scientific papers and review articles of interest to academic and industrial researchers. 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Các yếu tố nguy cơ bao gồm huyết áp cao, rối loạn lipid máu (tăng triglyceride và giảm cholesterol HDL), glucose lúc đói tăng cao và béo phì trung tâm. Trong thập kỷ qua, nhiều tiêu chí chẩn đoán khác nhau đã được tổ chức đề xuất. Gần đây nhất, những tiêu chí này đã đến từ Hiệp hội Tiểu đường Quốc tế và Hiệp hội Tim mạch Mỹ / Viện Tim, Phổi và Máu Quốc gia. Sự khác biệt chính nằm ở việc đo lường béo phì trung tâm, với điều này là một thành phần bắt buộc trong định nghĩa của Hiệp hội Tiểu đường Quốc tế, thấp hơn trong tiêu chí của Hiệp hội Tim mạch Mỹ / Viện Tim, Phổi và Máu Quốc gia, và có sự phân biệt theo sắc tộc. Bài viết này đại diện cho kết quả của một cuộc họp giữa một số tổ chức lớn nhằm cố gắng thống nhất các tiêu chí. Đã được đồng ý rằng không nên có thành phần bắt buộc, nhưng việc đo vòng eo sẽ tiếp tục là một công cụ sàng lọc hữu ích ban đầu. Ba phát hiện bất thường trong số 5 sẽ đủ điều kiện cho một người mắc hội chứng chuyển hóa. Một bộ điểm cắt duy nhất sẽ được sử dụng cho tất cả các thành phần ngoại trừ chu vi vòng eo, cho mà cần có thêm công việc cần làm. Trong lúc chờ đợi, các điểm cắt quốc gia hoặc khu vực cho chu vi vòng eo có thể được sử dụng.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>A cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which occur together more often than by chance alone, have become known as the metabolic syndrome. The risk factors include raised blood pressure, dyslipidemia (raised triglycerides and lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), raised fasting glucose, and central obesity. Various diagnostic criteria have been proposed by different organizations over the past decade. Most recently, these have come from the International Diabetes Federation and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The main difference concerns the measure for central obesity, with this being an obligatory component in the International Diabetes Federation definition, lower than in the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria, and ethnic specific. The present article represents the outcome of a meeting between several major organizations in an attempt to unify criteria. It was agreed that there should not be an obligatory component, but that waist measurement would continue to be a useful preliminary screening tool. Three abnormal findings out of 5 would qualify a person for the metabolic syndrome. A single set of cut points would be used for all components except waist circumference, for which further work is required. 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Data sheets are presented for some 196 Each data sheet sets out relevant data, rate coefficient measurements, an assessment of the reliability of the data, references, and recommended rate parameters. Tables summarizing the preferred rate data are also given. The considered are limited largely to those involved in the of and ethane in air but a few relevant to the chemistry of exhaust gases and to the of aromatic compounds are also included.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Tài liệu này chứa đựng các dữ liệu động học được đánh giá kỹ lưỡng về các quá trình khí đồng nhất trong pha khí để sử dụng trong việc mô hình hóa các quá trình. Các bảng dữ liệu được trình bày cho khoảng 196, mỗi bảng dữ liệu đều cung cấp các thông tin liên quan, các phép đo hệ số tốc độ, đánh giá độ tin cậy của dữ liệu, các tài liệu tham khảo và các thông số tốc độ được đề xuất. Các bảng tóm tắt dữ liệu tốc độ ưu tiên cũng được cung cấp. Những dữ liệu được xem xét chủ yếu giới hạn trong các phản ứng liên quan đến sự cháy của metan và etan trong không khí, nhưng cũng có một số dữ liệu liên quan đến hóa học của khí thải và sự tham gia của các hợp chất thơm.",{"EN":1063,"VI":1064},"Evaluated Kinetic Data for Combustion Modelling","Dữ Liệu Kỹ Thuật Đánh Giá cho Mô Hình Hóa Sự Cháy",{"VOID":1066},"10.1063/1.555908",[389],[391],"https://pubs.aip.org/jpr/article/21/3/411/241441/Evaluated-Kinetic-Data-for-Combustion-Modelling",[1071,1093,1114,1133,1150,1165,1184,1204,1223,1238,1257],{"id":1072,"sortIndex":519,"researcher":17,"roles":1073,"affiliations":1074,"properties":1086},"509f9ec4-389d-4b85-88b4-4f75a0b340c4",[],[1075],{"id":1076,"sortIndex":22,"affiliation":1077,"properties":17},"0557b004-3896-46f0-afc7-e1c823542433",{"id":1078,"createTime":1079,"updateTime":1080,"relativeEntities":1081,"slug":1082,"properties":1083,"entityType":21,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22},"28d4e5a4-2e2a-4c16-8fe2-adcbe493b71d","2024-01-17T09:37:42.972+00:00","2024-10-05T07:41:12.923+00:00",[],"School-of-Chemistry-University-of-Leeds-Leeds-LS2-9JT-EngLand",{"title":1084},{"VI":1085},"School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, EngLand",{"openalex":1087,"orcid":1089,"title":1091},{"VOID":1088},"A5024382257",{"VOID":1090},"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1634-3326",{"EN":1092},"Michael J. 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The biochemical differences in the LPS chemotypes were reflected in the unique profiles of the purified LPSs. The LPS profiles in the whole-cell lysates were also unique for each chemotype. (Whole-cell lysates were assessed by a method which preferentially silver stains LPS and by a proteinase K digest of whole-cell lysates. The silver-stained LPS profiles of proteinase K-digested lysates were similar to the homologous purified LPS and could be used to preliminarily characterize the LPS chemotype before purification.) In summary, biochemical variation in LPS composition can be detected in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Sự không đồng nhất hình thái của lipopolysaccharide (LPS) giữa các đột biến salmonella với các hóa kiểu LPS khác nhau đã được phân tích trong gel polyacrylamide bạc nhuộm. Sự khác biệt sinh hóa trong các hóa kiểu LPS đã được phản ánh qua các hồ sơ độc đáo của LPS tinh khiết. Hồ sơ LPS trong lysates tế bào toàn phần cũng độc đáo cho từng hóa kiểu. (Các lysates tế bào toàn phần được đánh giá bằng một phương pháp ưu tiên nhuộm bạc LPS và phân giải proteinase K của lysates tế bào toàn phần. Các hồ sơ LPS bạc nhuộm của lysates phân giải bởi proteinase K tương tự như LPS tinh khiết đồng dòng và có thể được sử dụng để xác định sơ bộ hóa kiểu LPS trước khi tinh chế.) Tóm lại, có thể phát hiện biến đổi sinh hóa trong thành phần LPS bằng gel polyacrylamide bạc nhuộm.\u003C/jats:p>",{"EN":1388,"VI":1389},"Morphological heterogeneity among Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chemotypes in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels","Tính không đồng nhất hình thái giữa các hóa kiểu lipopolysaccharide của Salmonella trong gel polyacrylamide bạc nhuộm",{"VOID":1391},"6187729",{"VOID":1393},"10.1128/jb.154.1.269-277.1983","2024-09-26T16:25:54.889+00:00",[389],[391],"https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jb.154.1.269-277.1983",[1399,1408],{"id":1400,"sortIndex":22,"researcher":17,"roles":1401,"affiliations":1402,"properties":1403},"78cb41a9-465b-418a-bb9a-903d5e109d4a",[],[],{"openalex":1404,"title":1406},{"VOID":1405},"A5028399643",{"EN":1407},"P J Hitchcock",{"id":1409,"sortIndex":34,"researcher":17,"roles":1410,"affiliations":1411,"properties":1412},"083b5918-b7c0-43dc-b996-fb8600f36019",[],[],{"openalex":1413,"title":1415},{"VOID":1414},"A5103671540",{"EN":1416},"Teresa M. Brown",{"url":17,"publisher":1418,"properties":1603},{"id":1419,"createTime":1420,"updateTime":1421,"relativeEntities":1422,"slug":1423,"properties":1424,"entityType":153,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22,"subjectFields":1434,"manageAffiliations":1435,"indexDatabases":1436,"url":1458,"thumbnailPath":17,"statistic":1459,"gsStatistic":17,"type":17,"analyzePriority":17},"87da2da3-d0ec-48ad-bb6b-02d091f3d444","2023-05-29T11:03:28.284+00:00","2025-02-10T21:38:02.071+00:00",[],"Journal-of-Bacteriology",{"country":1425,"issn":1426,"introduce":1428,"eissn":1430,"title":1432},{"VOID":1285},{"VOID":1427},"00219193",{"EN":1429},"The Journal of Bacteriology® (JB) publishes primary-research articles that probe fundamental processes in bacteria, archaea, and their viruses and the molecular mechanisms by which they interact with each other and with their hosts and their environments.",{"VOID":1431},"10985530",{"EN":1433},"Journal of 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, M. W. , A. Hendric , J. R. A. Millar , and A. C. Munroe . 1971 . Electrophoresis of dyed polysaccharides on \"phoro slides .\" Analyst (London) 96 : 870 - 874 .",{"doi":1623},"10.1039/an9719600870",{"id":17,"text":1625,"url":17,"identifiers":1626},"Dulbecco , R. , and M. Vogt . 1954 . Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses . J. Exp. Med. 99 : 167 - 182 .",{"doi":1627},"10.1084/jem.99.2.167",{"id":17,"text":1629,"url":17,"identifiers":1630},"Galanos C. 0. Luderitz E. T. Rietschel and 0. Westphal. 1977. Newer aspects of the chemistry and biology of bacterial lipopolysaccharides with special reference to their lipid A component p. 239-334. In T. W. Goodwin (ed.) The biochemistry of lipids II vol. 14. University Park Press Baltimore.",{},{"id":17,"text":1632,"url":17,"identifiers":1633},"Gahnos , C. , 0. Luderitz , and 0. Westphal . 1969 . A new method for the extraction of R lipopolysaccharides . Eur. J. Biochem. 9 : 245 - 249 .",{"doi":1634},"10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00601.x",{"id":17,"text":1636,"url":17,"identifiers":1637},"Goldman , R. C. , and L. Leive . 1980 . Heterogeneity of antigenic-side-chain length in lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0111 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2 . Eur. J. Biochem. 107 : 145 - 153 .",{"doi":1638},"10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04635.x",{"id":17,"text":1640,"url":17,"identifiers":1641},"James , J. F. , and J. Swanson . 1978 . Studies on gonococcus infection. XIII. Occurrence of color/opacity colonial variants in clinical cultures . Infect. Immun. 19 : 332 - 340 .",{"doi":1642},"10.1128/IAI.19.1.332-340.1978",{"id":17,"text":1644,"url":17,"identifiers":1645},"Jann , B. , K. Reske , and K. Jann . 1975 . Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides. Analysis of polysaccharide chain lengths by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Eur. J. Biochem. 60 : 239 - 246 .",{"doi":1646},"10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb20996.x",{"id":17,"text":1648,"url":17,"identifiers":1649},"Laemmll , U. K. 1970 . Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4 . Nature (London) 227 : 680 - 685 .",{"doi":1650},"10.1038/227680a0",{"id":17,"text":1652,"url":17,"identifiers":1653},"Lfiderltz , O. , M. A. Freudenberg , C. Galanos , V. Lehmann , E. T. Rietchel , and D. H. Shaw . 1982 . Lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria . Curr. Top. Membr. Transp. 17 : 79 - 151 .",{"doi":1654},"10.1016/S0070-2161(08)60309-3",{"id":17,"text":1656,"url":17,"identifiers":1657},"Lfideritz , O. , A. M. Staub , and 0. Westphal . 1966 . Immunochemistry of 0 and R antigens of Salmonella and related Enterobacteriaceae . Bacteriol. Rev. 30 : 192 - 255 .",{"doi":1658},"10.1128/BR.30.1.192-255.1966",{"id":17,"text":1660,"url":17,"identifiers":1661},"Mayer , L. W. , K. K. Holmes , and S. Falkow . 1974 . Characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Infect. Immun. 10 : 712 - 717 .",{"doi":1662},"10.1128/IAI.10.4.712-717.1974",{"id":17,"text":1664,"url":17,"identifiers":1665},"Munford , R. S. , C. L. Hall , and P. D. Rick . 1980 . Size heterogeneity of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharides in outer membranes and culture supernatant membrane fragments . J. Bacteriol. 144 : 630 - 640 .",{"doi":1666},"10.1128/jb.144.2.630-640.1980",{"id":17,"text":1668,"url":17,"identifiers":1669},"Palva , L. , and P. H. Makela . 1980 . Lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity in Salmonella typhimurium analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Eur. J. Biochem. 107 : 137 - 143 .",{"doi":1670},"10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04634.x",{"id":17,"text":1672,"url":17,"identifiers":1673},"Pouradier J. A. Paillotet and C. R. Berry. 1977. Properties of silver halides. I. Structure and thermodynamic properties p. 1-11. In T. H. James (ed.) The theory of the photographic process. MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc. New York.",{},{"id":17,"text":1675,"url":17,"identifiers":1676},"Russell , R. R. B. , and K. G. Johnson . 1975 . SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of lipopolysaccharides . Can. J. Microbiol. 21 : 2013 - 2018 .",{"doi":1677},"10.1139/m75-289",{"id":17,"text":1679,"url":17,"identifiers":1680},"Segret , J. P , and R. L. Jackson . 1972 . Molecular weight determination of glycoproteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate . Methods Enzymol. 28 : 54 - 63 .",{"doi":1681},"10.1016/0076-6879(72)28007-7",{"id":17,"text":1683,"url":17,"identifiers":1684},"Tua , C. M. , and C. E. Fras . 1982 . A sensitive silver stain for detecting lipopolysaccharides in polyacrylamide gels . Anal. Biochem. 119 : 115 - 119 .",{"doi":1685},"10.1016/0003-2697(82)90673-X",{"id":17,"text":1687,"url":17,"identifiers":1688},"Wetpghal 0 and K. Janu. 1965. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Extraction with phenol-water and further applications of the procedure p. 83-91. In R. L. Whistler (ed.) Methods in carbohydrate chemistry vol. 5. Academic Press Inc. New York.",{},{"id":1690,"createTime":1691,"updateTime":1692,"relativeEntities":1693,"slug":1694,"properties":1695,"entityType":205,"verifyStatus":384,"verifyTime":1691,"verifyNote":386,"syncStatus":387,"languages":1713,"translateLanguages":1714,"viewCount":22,"primaryUrl":1715,"fullTextUrl":17,"authors":1716,"publicationType":207,"publisherRelationship":1850,"citationCount":1887,"citationInfo":1888,"publishDate":1896,"publishYear":1897,"citationAnalyzeStatus":387,"lastCitationAnalyze":17,"indexDatabases":17,"openAccess":17,"references":1898,"isForceReanalyzing":24},"0567c14c-1c70-4bb6-8a74-6a9a6d90efd5","2024-10-06T20:33:45.139+00:00","2025-01-03T02:25:39.561+00:00",[],"Sequence-heterogeneities-of-genes-encoding-16S-rRNAs-in-Paenibacillus-polymyxa-detected-by-temperature-gradient-gel-electrophoresis",{"mag":1696,"keywords":1698,"pmc":1699,"openalex":1701,"abstract":1703,"title":1706,"pm":1709,"doi":1711},{"VOID":1697},"1677926307",{"VI":15},{"VOID":1700},"178401",{"VOID":1702},"W1677926307",{"VI":1704,"EN":1705},"\u003Cjats:p>Những sự không đồng nhất trong các gen 16S rRNA từ các chủng riêng lẻ của Paenibacillus polymyxa đã được phát hiện thông qua sự phân tách phụ thuộc vào trình tự của các sản phẩm PCR bằng phương pháp điện di gel nhiệt độ gradient (TGGE). Một đoạn của các gen 16S rRNA, bao gồm các vùng biến đổi V6 đến V8, đã được sử dụng làm trình tự mục tiêu cho các phản ứng khuếch đại. Các sản phẩm PCR từ P. polymyxa (chủng loại) đã xuất hiện như một mô hình rõ ràng với các dải trên gel gradient. Sáu plasmid với các chèn khác nhau, thể hiện các đặc điểm di chuyển của các dải đơn lẻ trong mô hình, đã được thu được thông qua việc nhân bản các sản phẩm PCR. Các chuỗi của chúng đã được phân tích như một mẫu đại diện cho sự không đồng nhất tổng thể. Một số 10 vị trí nucleotide biến thể trong đoạn dài 347 bp đã được quan sát, với tất cả các sự thay thế vẫn bảo tồn cấu trúc thứ cấp liên quan của các vùng V6 và V8 trong các phân tử RNA. Sự lai ghép với các mồi được thiết kế đặc biệt đã chứng minh các vị trí nhiễm sắc thể khác nhau của các gen rRNA tương ứng. Các phản ứng khuếch đại của rRNA chuyển đảo từ các chuẩn bị ribosome, cũng như lai ghép toàn tế bào cho thấy một sự đại diện vượt trội của các trình tự cụ thể trong ribosome của các văn hóa phòng thí nghiệm đang tăng trưởng theo cấp số nhân. Các chủng khác nhau của P. polymyxa không chỉ cho thấy các mô hình rất khác nhau của sản phẩm PCR trong phân tích TGGE mà còn có sự gán nhãn toàn tế bào phân biệt với các mồi oligonucleotide đã thiết kế, cho thấy sự đại diện khác nhau của các trình tự riêng trong các ribosome hoạt động. Các kết quả của chúng tôi chứng minh tính hữu ích của TGGE trong phân tích cấu trúc của các gen rRNA không đồng nhất cùng với biểu hiện của chúng, nhấn mạnh các vấn đề về việc tạo ra dữ liệu có ý nghĩa cho các trình tự 16S rRNA và thiết kế mồi, và có thể có những hệ quả đối với các khái niệm tiến hóa.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Sequence heterogeneities in 16S rRNA genes from individual strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa were detected by sequence-dependent separation of PCR products by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). A fragment of the 16S rRNA genes, comprising variable regions V6 to V8, was used as a target sequence for amplifications. PCR products from P. polymyxa (type strain) emerged as a well-defined pattern of bands in the gradient gel. Six plasmids with different inserts, individually demonstrating the migration characteristics of single bands of the pattern, were obtained by cloning the PCR products. Their sequences were analyzed as a representative sample of the total heterogeneity. An amount of 10 variant nucleotide positions in the fragment of 347 bp was observed, with all substitutions conserving the relevant secondary structures of the V6 and V8 regions in the RNA molecules. Hybridizations with specifically designed probes demonstrated different chromosomal locations of the respective rRNA genes. Amplifications of reverse-transcribed rRNA from ribosome preparations, as well as whole-cell hybridizations, revealed a predominant representation of particular sequences in ribosomes of exponentially growing laboratory cultures. Different strains of P. polymyxa showed not only remarkably differing patterns of PCR products in TGGE analysis but also discriminative whole-cell labeling with the designed oligonucleotide probes, indicating the different representation of individual sequences in active ribosomes. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of TGGE for the structural analysis of heterogeneous rRNA genes together with their expression, stress problems of the generation of meaningful data for 16S rRNA sequences and probe designs, and might have consequences for evolutionary concepts.\u003C/jats:p>",{"VI":1707,"EN":1708},"Sự không đồng nhất của các gen mã hóa 16S rRNA trong Paenibacillus polymyxa được phát hiện qua điện di gel nhiệt độ gradient","Sequence heterogeneities of genes encoding 16S rRNAs in Paenibacillus polymyxa detected by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis",{"VOID":1710},"8824607",{"VOID":1712},"10.1128/jb.178.19.5636-5643.1996",[389],[391],"https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jb.178.19.5636-5643.1996",[1717,1739,1756,1773,1788,1803,1818,1835],{"id":1718,"sortIndex":22,"researcher":17,"roles":1719,"affiliations":1720,"properties":1732},"9f6ef42c-0c88-47c7-aca4-14f5e1e279bf",[],[1721],{"id":1722,"sortIndex":22,"affiliation":1723,"properties":17},"2971df16-90a1-4e65-9824-4e2def56d86f",{"id":1724,"createTime":1725,"updateTime":1726,"relativeEntities":1727,"slug":1728,"properties":1729,"entityType":21,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22},"33eb3fb4-220e-4001-8f15-902d25c1ce9b","2024-04-15T02:02:21.025+00:00","2024-10-06T20:33:45.156+00:00",[],"Biologische-Bundesanstalt-f%C3%BCr-Land-und-Forstwirtschaft-Institut-f%C3%BCr-Biochemie-und-Pflanzenvirologie-Braunschweig-Germany",{"title":1730},{"EN":1731},"Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und 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Các quá trình này thường tiêu tốn năng lượng và không có tính chọn lọc cao, gây lãng phí tài nguyên và tạo ra khí nhà kính. Xúc tác dị thể không có kim loại bằng carbon hoặc carbon nitride là một lựa chọn thú vị thay thế cho một số quy trình hóa học công nghiệp hóa hiện tại. Carbon và carbon nitride kết hợp tính chấp nhận môi trường với nguồn tài nguyên vô tận và cho phép quản lý năng lượng thuận lợi với khả năng dẫn nhiệt tốt. Nhờ vào nhiệt độ phản ứng thấp hơn và tính chọn lọc cao hơn, các xúc tác này có thể là ứng cử viên cho hóa học xanh với khí thải thấp và sử dụng hiệu quả nguyên liệu hóa học. Bài đánh giá này nổi bật một số hoạt động và phát triển đầy hứa hẹn gần đây trong xúc tác dị thể chỉ sử dụng carbon và carbon nitride làm xúc tác. Trạng thái hiện tại và các thách thức trong tương lai của xúc tác dị thể không có kim loại cũng được thảo luận.\u003C/jats:italic>\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C/jats:title>\u003Cjats:p>\u003Cjats:italic>The current established catalytic processes used in chemical industries use metals, in many cases precious metals, or metal oxides as catalysts. These are often energy‐consuming and not highly selective, wasting resources and producing greenhouse gases. Metal‐free heterogeneous catalysis using carbon or carbon nitride is an interesting alternative to some current industrialized chemical processes. Carbon and carbon nitride combine environmental acceptability with inexhaustible resources and allow a favorable management of energy with good thermal conductivity. Owing to lower reaction temperatures and increased selectivity, these catalysts could be candidates for green chemistry with low emission and an efficient use of the chemical feedstock. This Review highlights some recent promising activities and developments in heterogeneous catalysis using only carbon and carbon nitride as catalysts. 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W., 2009, Diamond Relat. Mater., 18, 13, 10.1016/j.diamond.2008.07.011",{"doi":2747},"10.1016/j.diamond.2008.07.011",{"id":17,"text":2749,"url":17,"identifiers":2750},"10.1166/jnn.2007.845",{"doi":2749},{"id":2752,"createTime":2753,"updateTime":2754,"relativeEntities":2755,"slug":2756,"properties":2757,"entityType":205,"verifyStatus":384,"verifyTime":2770,"verifyNote":386,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":2771,"viewCount":22,"primaryUrl":2772,"fullTextUrl":17,"authors":2773,"publicationType":207,"publisherRelationship":2820,"citationCount":2978,"citationInfo":2979,"publishDate":2982,"publishYear":2980,"citationAnalyzeStatus":2983,"lastCitationAnalyze":2754,"indexDatabases":17,"openAccess":17,"references":2984,"isForceReanalyzing":24},"f8f12b05-8fd1-4e09-802d-ac3f1f57dd91","2024-01-24T13:23:12.252+00:00","2025-02-19T14:20:26.874+00:00",[],"Glucose-Metabolism-Heterogeneity-in-Human-and-Mouse-Malignant-Glioma-Cell-Lines",{"abstract":2758,"title":2761,"doi":2764,"gsPaper":2766,"keywords":2768},{"VI":2759,"EN":2760},"Nghiên cứu hiện tại đã xem xét các dấu hiệu sinh năng lượng cụ thể liên quan đến kiểu hình chuyển hóa của một số dòng tế bào glioma ở người và chuột. Dựa trên các nghiên cứu sơ bộ, chúng tôi giả thuyết rằng các tế bào glioma sẽ biểu hiện một trong ít nhất hai kiểu hình chuyển hóa khác nhau, có thể đã được tích lũy qua quá trình tiến hóa. Các dòng tế bào glioma D-54MG và GL261 thể hiện kiểu hình phụ thuộc vào phosphorylation oxy hóa (OXPHOS), đặc trưng bởi khả năng sống sót lâu dài dưới tình trạng thiếu glucose, và dung nạp thấp đối với sự ngộ độc của chuỗi truyền điện tử (ETC). Ngược lại, các tế bào glioma U-251MG và U-87MG thể hiện kiểu hình phụ thuộc vào glycolysis với OXPHOS chức năng. Những tế bào này cho thấy dung nạp thấp đối với tình trạng thiếu glucose và kháng lại một chất ức chế ETC. Hơn nữa, những tế bào này có thể được cứu trong các điều kiện glucose thấp bằng các chất nền oxy hóa (ví dụ: lactate, pyruvate). Cuối cùng, hai kiểu hình này có thể được phân biệt bởi sự biểu hiện khác nhau của các isoform LDH. Các tế bào phụ thuộc vào OXPHOS biểu hiện cả hai isoform LDH-A và -B trong khi các tế bào glioma phụ thuộc vào glycolysis chỉ biểu hiện LDH-B. Trong trường hợp sau, LDH-B được mong đợi là thiết yếu cho việc sử dụng lactate ngoại bào để cung cấp năng lượng cho các hoạt động của tế bào. Những quan sát này đặt ra khả năng rằng sự không đồng nhất trong chuyển hóa glucose và, đặc biệt, sự biểu hiện duy nhất của LDH-B, có thể xác định một dấu hiệu sinh học quan trọng của các tế bào glioma, điều này rất quan trọng cho sự tiến triển của chúng và có thể tạo ra một mục tiêu mới cho các thuốc chống ung thư.","The current study examined specific bioenergetic markers associated with the metabolic phenotype of several human and mouse glioma cell lines. Based on preliminary studies, we hypothesized that glioma cells would express one of at least two different metabolic phenotypes, possibly acquired through progression. The D-54MG and GL261 glioma cell lines displayed an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-dependent phenotype, characterized by extremely long survival under glucose starvation, and low tolerance to poisoning of the electron transport chain (ETC). Alternatively, U-251MG and U-87MG glioma cells exhibited a glycolytic-dependent phenotype with functional OXPHOS. These cells displayed low tolerance to glucose starvation and were resistant to a ETC blocker. Moreover, these cells could be rescued in low glucose conditions by oxidative substrates (e.g., lactate, pyruvate). Finally, these two phenotypes could be distinguished by the differential expression of LDH isoforms. OXPHOS-dependent cells expressed both LDH-A and -B isoforms whereas glycolytic-dependent glioma cells expressed only LDH-B. In the latter case, LDH-B would be expected to be essential for the use of extracellular lactate to fuel cell activities. These observations raise the possibility that the heterogeneity in glucose metabolism and, in particular, the sole expression of LDH-B, might identify an important biological marker of glioma cells that is critical for their progression and that might afford a new target for anticancer drugs.",{"VI":2762,"EN":2763},"Sự không đồng nhất trong chuyển hóa glucose ở các dòng tế bào glioma ác tính ở người và chuột","Glucose Metabolism Heterogeneity in Human and Mouse Malignant Glioma Cell Lines",{"VOID":2765},"10.1007/s11060-004-6404-6",{"VOID":2767},"[\"7227041492445202869\"]",{"VI":2769},"glioma, metabolic phenotype, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, lactate dehydrogenase","2024-04-30T05:14:08.968+00:00",[391],"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-004-6404-6",[2774,2792,2806],{"id":2775,"sortIndex":47,"researcher":17,"roles":2776,"affiliations":2778,"properties":2787},"deac40b5-a385-4f67-9e7d-e593fc1d7fce",[2777],"AUTHOR",[2779],{"id":17,"sortIndex":22,"affiliation":2780,"properties":17},{"id":2781,"createTime":2782,"updateTime":2782,"relativeEntities":2783,"slug":17,"properties":2784,"entityType":21,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22},"973140c5-2ebd-4052-8d1a-49190e0fda10","2023-12-29T12:46:55.122+00:00",[],{"title":2785},{"VI":2786},"Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA",{"title":2788,"gsAuthor":2790},{"VI":2789},"G. 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Remy (1999) ArticleTitleuantification and distribution of neovascularization following microinjection of C6 glioma cells in rat brain Anticancer Res. 19 3025–3030 Occurrence Handle10652587",{},{"id":17,"text":3144,"url":3145,"identifiers":3146},"G. Duc ParticleLe M. Peoch C. Remy O. Charpy R. Muller J. Bas ParticleLe M. Decorps (1999) ArticleTitleUse of T[2]-weighted susceptibility contrast MRI for mapping the blood volume in the glioma-bearing rat brain Magn Reson Med 42 754–761 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199910)42:4\u003C754::AID-MRM18>3.0.CO;2-Q Occurrence Handle10502765","http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199910)42:4\u003C754::aid-mrm18>3.0.co;2-q",{"doi":3147},"10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199910)42:4\u003C754::aid-mrm18>3.0.co;2-q",{"id":3018,"text":3149,"url":3020,"identifiers":3150},"R Hilf W Rector R. Orlando (1976) ArticleTitleMultiple molecular forms of lactate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in normal and abnormal human breast tissues Cancer 37 1825–1830 Occurrence Handle177177",{"doi":3022},{"id":17,"text":3152,"url":17,"identifiers":3153},"A Rosado H Morris S. Weinhouse (1969) ArticleTitleLactate dehydrogenase subunits in normal and neoplastic tissues of the rat Cancer Res 29 1673–1680 Occurrence Handle5822477",{},{"id":17,"text":3155,"url":17,"identifiers":3156},"H Shim C Dolde B Lewis C Wu G Dang R Jungmann R Dalla-Favera C. Dang (1997) ArticleTitlec-Myc transactivation of LDH-A: implications for tumor metabolism and growth Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 6658–6663 Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.94.13.6658 Occurrence Handle9192621",{"doi":3157},"10.1073/pnas.94.13.6658OccurrenceHandle9192621",{"id":3018,"text":3159,"url":3020,"identifiers":3160},"D Derda M Miles J Schweppe R. Jungmann (1980) ArticleTitleCyclic AMP regulation of lactate dehydrogenase. Isoproterenol and N6O2-’-dibutyryl cyclic AMP increase the levels of lactate dehydrogenase-5 isozyme and its messenger RNA in rat C6 glioma cells J Biol Chem 255 11112–11121 Occurrence Handle6160145",{"doi":3022},{"id":3162,"createTime":3163,"updateTime":3164,"relativeEntities":3165,"slug":3166,"properties":3167,"entityType":205,"verifyStatus":384,"verifyTime":3183,"verifyNote":386,"syncStatus":387,"languages":3184,"translateLanguages":3185,"viewCount":22,"primaryUrl":3186,"fullTextUrl":17,"authors":3187,"publicationType":207,"publisherRelationship":3345,"citationCount":1487,"citationInfo":3421,"publishDate":3423,"publishYear":3424,"citationAnalyzeStatus":387,"lastCitationAnalyze":17,"indexDatabases":17,"openAccess":17,"references":3425,"isForceReanalyzing":24},"5f8ccd6f-d35b-4e9b-8656-c1ad2ee5017d","2025-01-02T00:29:33.524+00:00","2025-01-09T07:56:13.014+00:00",[],"Taxonomic-and-functional-homogenization-of-farmland-birds-along-an-urbanization-gradient-in-a-tropical-megacity",{"mag":3168,"keywords":3170,"openalex":3171,"abstract":3173,"title":3176,"pm":3179,"doi":3181},{"VOID":3169},"3176312943",{"VI":15},{"VOID":3172},"W3176312943",{"VI":3174,"EN":3175},"\u003Cjats:title>Tóm tắt\u003C/jats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Đô thị hóa là một động lực chính dẫn đến sự thay đổi về sử dụng đất và sự suy giảm đa dạng sinh học. Mặc dù hầu hết các điểm nóng đô thị hóa hiện tại và tương lai nằm ở phía Nam toàn cầu, tác động của việc mở rộng đô thị đối với đa dạng sinh học nông nghiệp và các chức năng và dịch vụ liên quan ở những khu vực này thường bị bỏ qua. Thêm vào đó, hầu hết các nghiên cứu chỉ đánh giá phản ứng của đa dạng sinh học ở quy mô địa phương (đa dạng α), trong khi chức năng hệ sinh thái thường bị chi phối bởi sự thay đổi về thành phần và chức năng của các cộng đồng (đa dạng β) ở quy mô vùng. Chúng tôi đã điều tra đa dạng β về phân loại và chức năng của các loài chim nông trại qua ba mùa vụ trên 36 nông trại rau trải dài theo một gradient đô thị hóa liên tục ở Bangalore, một siêu đô thị ở Nam Ấn Độ. Sự gia tăng diện tích đất xi măng trong môi trường xung quanh nông trại là động lực chính ảnh hưởng đến đa dạng β và dẫn đến sự đồng nhất về phân loại và chức năng của các cộng đồng chim nông trại. Sự mất mát đa dạng chức năng lớn hơn nhiều so với những gì dự đoán từ sự suy giảm số loài (tức là, đô thị hóa hoạt động như một bộ lọc môi trường), với những mất mát rõ ràng ở các nhóm chức năng quan trọng như các loài ăn côn trùng gây hại cho cây trồng. Hơn nữa, đô thị hóa đã giảm thiểu sự dư thừa chức năng của các cộng đồng chim, điều này có thể làm suy yếu khả năng phục hồi của hệ sinh thái đối với các perturbation trong tương lai. Nghiên cứu của chúng tôi nhấn mạnh đô thị hóa như một động lực chính dẫn đến sự đồng nhất về phân loại và chức năng của các cộng đồng loài trong hệ thống nông nghiệp, có nguy cơ đe dọa các dịch vụ hệ sinh thái quan trọng cho sản xuất thực phẩm.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C/jats:title>\u003Cjats:p>Urbanization is a major driver of land use change and biodiversity decline. While most of the ongoing and future urbanization hotspots are located in the Global South, the impact of urban expansion on agricultural biodiversity and associated functions and services in these regions has widely been neglected. Additionally, most studies assess biodiversity responses at local scale (α‐diversity), however, ecosystem functioning is strongly determined by compositional and functional turnover of communities (β‐diversity) at regional scales. We investigated taxonomic and functional β‐diversity of farmland birds across three seasons on 36 vegetable farms spread along a continuous urbanization gradient in Bangalore, a South Indian megacity. Increasing amount of grey area in the farm surroundings was the dominant driver affecting β‐diversity and resulting in taxonomic and functional homogenization of farmland bird communities. Functional diversity losses were higher than expected from species declines (i.e., urbanization acts as an environmental filter), with particular losses of functionally important groups such as insectivores of crop pests. Moreover, urbanization reduced functional redundancy of bird communities, which may further weaken ecosystems resilience to future perturbations. Our study underscores urbanization as a major driver of taxonomic and functional homogenization of species communities in agricultural systems, potentially threatening crucial ecosystem services for food production.\u003C/jats:p>",{"VI":3177,"EN":3178},"Sự đồng nhất về phân loại và chức năng của các loài chim nông trại dọc theo gradient đô thị hóa ở một siêu đô thị nhiệt đới","Taxonomic and functional homogenization of farmland birds along an urbanization gradient in a tropical 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Germany",{"id":3204,"sortIndex":22,"affiliation":3205,"properties":17},"6f92197b-8303-4fba-a7bd-15d593b9e8fd",{"id":3206,"createTime":3207,"updateTime":3208,"relativeEntities":3209,"slug":3210,"properties":3211,"entityType":21,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22},"7a6ae1b9-99e7-44ab-8d4f-3c4c41f980d0","2023-12-06T10:16:16.615+00:00","2025-01-02T00:29:33.556+00:00",[],"Centre-of-Biodiversity-and-Sustainable-Land-Use-CBL-University-of-G%C3%B6ttingen-G%C3%B6ttingen-Germany",{"title":3212},{"VI":3213},"Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany",{"openalex":3215,"orcid":3217,"title":3219},{"VOID":3216},"A5070306267",{"VOID":3218},"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2615-1339",{"EN":3220},"Catrin 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Explicit solutions are derived in certain cases. A useful experimental method for maintaining a stratified system with arbitrarily specified vertical variation of density emerges from the analysis. A preliminary laboratory experiment has demonstrated the efficiency of this method. The restrictions on the validity of the theory involve a limitation on the thermal forcing of the fluid, which may be expressed as an upper limit on the thermal conductance of the boundary of the region. Furthermore, the buoyancy frequency characterizing the solution must be sufficiently large to give rise to a boundary-layer-type flow pattern.\u003C/jats:p>","\u003Cjats:p>Đã chứng minh rằng sự phân tầng cơ bản trong một vùng chất lỏng chịu tác động của nhiệt có thể được dự đoán khá đơn giản cho một lớp các điều kiện biên tương đối rộng. Các nghiệm thức rõ ràng được rút ra trong một số trường hợp cụ thể. Một phương pháp thí nghiệm hữu ích để duy trì một hệ thống phân tầng với sự biến đổi mật độ theo phương thẳng đứng được chỉ định tùy ý xuất hiện từ phân tích. Một thí nghiệm ban đầu trong phòng thí nghiệm đã chứng minh hiệu quả của phương pháp này. Các hạn chế về độ hợp lệ của lý thuyết liên quan đến một giới hạn về tác động nhiệt của chất lỏng, có thể được biểu thị dưới dạng giới hạn trên về độ dẫn nhiệt của biên giới của vùng. Hơn nữa, tần số nổi đặc trưng cho nghiệm thức phải đủ lớn để tạo ra một kiểu dòng chảy loại lớp biên.\u003C/jats:p>",{"EN":3745,"VI":3746},"Contained non-homogeneous flow under gravity or how to stratify a fluid in the laboratory","Dòng chảy không đồng nhất bị chứa dưới tác động của trọng lực hoặc cách phân tầng một chất lỏng trong phòng thí nghiệm",{"VOID":3748},"10.1017/s0022112071001782",[389],[391],"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022112071001782/type/journal_article",[3753],{"id":3754,"sortIndex":22,"researcher":17,"roles":3755,"affiliations":3756,"properties":3767},"78d5ca3b-1283-45da-a37e-5c9d70b82c96",[],[3757],{"id":3758,"sortIndex":22,"affiliation":3759,"properties":17},"fbb85d3b-cb7d-425b-81df-39f9d44d7f88",{"id":3760,"createTime":3761,"updateTime":3761,"relativeEntities":3762,"slug":3763,"properties":3764,"entityType":21,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22},"265b2012-ad0d-477d-82c0-62a4b51d6d94","2025-02-02T00:54:30.208+00:00",[],"Swedish-Natural-Science-Research-Council-and-International-Meteorological-Institute-in-Stockholm-Sweden",{"title":3765},{"EN":3766},"Swedish Natural Science Research Council and International Meteorological Institute in Stockholm, Sweden",{"openalex":3768,"title":3770},{"VOID":3769},"A5076285408",{"EN":3771},"Gösta Walin",{"url":17,"publisher":3773,"properties":3902},{"id":3774,"createTime":3775,"updateTime":3776,"relativeEntities":3777,"slug":3778,"properties":3779,"entityType":153,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22,"subjectFields":3789,"manageAffiliations":3790,"indexDatabases":3791,"url":3817,"thumbnailPath":17,"statistic":3818,"gsStatistic":17,"type":17,"analyzePriority":17},"5d9bc67a-3f24-4a1e-83a8-c034e1d10919","2023-05-29T10:28:02.463+00:00","2025-02-10T16:33:43.423+00:00",[],"Journal-of-Fluid-Mechanics",{"country":3780,"issn":3781,"introduce":3783,"eissn":3785,"title":3787},{"VOID":447},{"VOID":3782},"14697645",{"EN":3784},"Journal of Fluid Mechanics is the leading international journal in the field and is essential reading for all those concerned with developments in fluid mechanics. It publishes authoritative articles covering theoretical, computational and experimental investigations of all aspects of the mechanics of fluids. Each issue contains papers both on the fundamental aspects of fluid mechanics and on their applications to other fields such as aeronautics, astrophysics, biology, chemical and mechanical engineering, hydraulics, materials, meteorology, oceanography, geology, acoustics and combustion.",{"VOID":3786},"00221120",{"EN":3788},"Journal of Fluid Mechanics",[],[],[3792,3806],{"id":3793,"indexDatabase":3794,"url":3799,"indexYears":3800,"academicFieldIds":3801},"95a9fa07-83df-4509-983f-57aad73a97f6",{"id":461,"createTime":462,"updateTime":463,"relativeEntities":3795,"label":3796,"description":3797,"key":469,"publicationTags":3798,"standard":17},[],{"EN":466,"VI":466},{"EN":466,"VI":468},[471],"https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/18537","1956-2023",[3802,3803,3804,3805],"71c20870-549f-47ca-ab5d-72466dbb5bc3","65de7142-f2d8-490a-83cb-10f777c77259","9d2ac5e3-41a0-4e3f-9001-acfb87e489bc","f58e9119-c14c-473f-8a7c-5a035e4ab69a",{"id":3807,"indexDatabase":3808,"url":3813,"indexYears":17,"academicFieldIds":3814},"5e8be9eb-7f18-4122-b60a-1befb6138396",{"id":484,"createTime":485,"updateTime":486,"relativeEntities":3809,"label":3810,"description":3811,"key":493,"publicationTags":3812,"standard":17},[],{"EN":489,"VI":489},{"VI":491,"EN":492},[495,496],"https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results?issn=0022-1120",[3815,3816],"8664ba15-34fc-4398-9bcb-b25d957a0827","c7becea0-d1b0-4771-9420-b5912f13066f","https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics",{"impactFactor":22,"impactFactorByYear":3819,"i10Index":3827,"i10IndexLast5Year":523,"totalPublication":3828,"totalPublicationByYear":3829,"totalCitation":3830,"totalCitationByYear":3831,"totalCitationPerPublication":3870,"totalCitationPerPublicationByYear":3871,"hindexLast5Year":3901,"hindex":3901},{"2012":3820,"2013":47,"2014":3821,"2015":759,"2016":3822,"2017":58,"2018":3823,"2019":3824,"2020":3825,"2021":3826,"2022":2310},5.75,2.5,6.67,13.5,15.4,5.86,15.33,102,103,{"1957":34,"1960":34,"1961":47,"1965":34,"1966":47,"1967":58,"1968":47,"1969":47,"1970":34,"1971":47,"1972":58,"1974":34,"1978":34,"1979":34,"1980":47,"1981":47,"1982":71,"1983":47,"1984":47,"1985":71,"1986":34,"1987":47,"1991":34,"1993":58,"1994":47,"1995":759,"1997":34,"2000":47,"2001":58,"2002":34,"2003":71,"2004":71,"2006":47,"2007":71,"2008":58,"2009":71,"2010":47,"2011":47,"2013":47,"2014":47,"2015":34,"2017":47,"2018":58,"2019":71,"2020":47},42875,{"1957":3832,"1960":526,"1961":3833,"1965":3834,"1966":3835,"1967":3836,"1968":3837,"1969":3838,"1970":3839,"1971":3840,"1972":3841,"1974":3842,"1978":1474,"1979":3843,"1980":3844,"1981":3845,"1982":1469,"1983":3846,"1984":3847,"1985":3848,"1986":3849,"1987":3850,"1991":3851,"1993":3852,"1994":3843,"1995":3853,"1997":3854,"2000":3855,"2001":3856,"2002":3857,"2003":3858,"2004":3859,"2006":3860,"2007":3861,"2008":3862,"2009":3863,"2010":3864,"2011":1361,"2013":3865,"2014":3866,"2015":828,"2017":3867,"2018":1891,"2019":3868,"2020":3869},1006,2198,808,1115,257,631,1285,896,2333,1391,3226,181,670,515,317,369,927,574,5578,972,316,6897,87,1067,703,303,582,1859,354,436,732,607,277,137,233,668,206,148,416.26,{"1957":3832,"1960":526,"1961":3872,"1965":3834,"1966":3873,"1967":3874,"1968":3875,"1969":3876,"1970":3839,"1971":3877,"1972":3878,"1974":3842,"1978":1474,"1979":3843,"1980":1538,"1981":3879,"1982":3880,"1983":3881,"1984":3882,"1985":3883,"1986":3849,"1987":3884,"1991":3851,"1993":3885,"1994":3886,"1995":3887,"1997":3854,"2000":3888,"2001":3889,"2002":3857,"2003":3890,"2004":3891,"2006":847,"2007":3892,"2008":3893,"2009":3894,"2010":3895,"2011":831,"2013":3896,"2014":3897,"2015":828,"2017":3898,"2018":3899,"2019":3900,"2020":3901},1099,557.5,85.67,315.5,642.5,1166.5,463.67,257.5,167.75,158.5,184.5,231.75,2789,105.33,90.5,1379.4,533.5,234.33,145.5,464.75,109,244,151.75,138.5,68.5,116.5,334,31.33,51.5,74,{"volume":3903,"pages":3905,"issue":3907},{"VOID":3904},"48",{"VOID":3906},"647-672",{"VOID":3908},"4",{"total":2321,"publishYear":17,"statisticByYear":3910},{},"1971-08-27",1971,[3914,3918,3921,3925,3928,3932,3936,3939,3943,3947,3951],{"id":17,"text":3915,"url":17,"identifiers":3916},"Stewartson, K. 1966 On almost rigid rotations. Part 2 J. Fluid Mech. 26,131.",{"doi":3917},"10.1017/S0022112066001137",{"id":17,"text":3919,"url":17,"identifiers":3920},"Veronis, G. 1967a Analogous behaviour of homogeneous, rotating fluids and stratified, non-rotating fluids Tellus,19,326.",{},{"id":17,"text":3922,"url":17,"identifiers":3923},"Baker, D. J. 1966 A technique for the precise measurement of small fluid velocities J. Fluid Mech. 26,573.",{"doi":3924},"10.1017/S002211206600140X",{"id":17,"text":3926,"url":17,"identifiers":3927},"Veronis, G. 1967b Analogous behaviour of rotating and stratified fluids Tellus,19,620.",{},{"id":17,"text":3929,"url":17,"identifiers":3930},"Gill, A. E. 1966 The boundary-layer régime for convection in a rectangular cavity J. Fluid Mech. 26,515.",{"doi":3931},"10.1017/S0022112066001368",{"id":17,"text":3933,"url":17,"identifiers":3934},"Barcilon, V. & Pedlosky, J. 1967 On the steady motions produced by a stable stratification in a rapidly rotating fluid J. Fluid Mech. 29,673.",{"doi":3935},"10.1017/S0022112067001119",{"id":17,"text":3937,"url":17,"identifiers":3938},"Yih, C-S. 1965 Dynamics of Nonhomogeneous Fluids .Macmillan.",{},{"id":17,"text":3940,"url":17,"identifiers":3941},"Weinbaum, S. 1964 Natural convection in a horizontal circular cylinder J. Fluid Mech. 18,409.",{"doi":3942},"10.1017/S0022112064000313",{"id":17,"text":3944,"url":17,"identifiers":3945},"McIntyre, M. E. 1968 The axisymmetric convective régime for a rigidly bounded rotating annulus J. Fluid Mech. 32,625.",{"doi":3946},"10.1017/S0022112068000935",{"id":17,"text":3948,"url":17,"identifiers":3949},"Brooks, I. H. & Ostrach, S. 1970 An experimental investigation of natural convection in a horizontal cylinder J. Fluid Mech. 44,545.",{"doi":3950},"10.1017/S0022112070001982",{"id":17,"text":3952,"url":17,"identifiers":3953},"Petrovsky, I. G. 1954 Lectures on Partial Differential Equations .Cambridge University Press.",{},{"id":3955,"createTime":3956,"updateTime":3957,"relativeEntities":3958,"slug":3959,"properties":3960,"entityType":205,"verifyStatus":384,"verifyTime":3957,"verifyNote":386,"syncStatus":387,"languages":3979,"translateLanguages":3980,"viewCount":22,"primaryUrl":3981,"fullTextUrl":17,"authors":3982,"publicationType":207,"publisherRelationship":4038,"citationCount":836,"citationInfo":4074,"publishDate":4076,"publishYear":4077,"citationAnalyzeStatus":4078,"lastCitationAnalyze":4079,"indexDatabases":17,"openAccess":17,"references":4080,"isForceReanalyzing":24},"607aa79c-dd72-4146-ab70-8c5476edf3b9","2024-04-12T01:44:33.956+00:00","2025-02-10T19:49:58.152+00:00",[],"Conspecificity-of-two-morphologically-distinct-calcified-red-algae-from-the-northwest-Pacific-Ocean-Galaxaura-pacifica-and-G-filamentosa-Galaxauraceae-Rhodophyta-",{"mag":3961,"keywords":3963,"pmc":3965,"openalex":3967,"abstract":3969,"title":3972,"pm":3975,"doi":3977},{"VOID":3962},"2122860811",{"VI":3964},"Galaxaura, tảo đỏ, đồng nhất, hình thái, phân tích phân tử, đa dạng sinh học",{"VOID":3966},"5383922",{"VOID":3968},"W2122860811",{"EN":3970,"VI":3971},"\u003Cjats:title>Abstract\u003C/jats:title>\n \u003Cjats:sec>\n \u003Cjats:title>Background\u003C/jats:title>\n \u003Cjats:p>Members of the calcified red algal genus, \u003Cjats:italic>Galaxaura\u003C/jats:italic>, are distributed predominantly in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions worldwide. The capacity of these algae to form calcified thalli could play a critical role in the carbon cycle of these ecosystems. Previous studies have suggested that the reported species diversity of \u003Cjats:italic>Galaxaura\u003C/jats:italic> may be exaggerated due to a lack of knowledge regarding external morphological differences between gametophytic and tetrasporophytic plants (or among different life stages) of a single species.\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003C/jats:sec>\n \u003Cjats:sec>\n \u003Cjats:title>Results\u003C/jats:title>\n \u003Cjats:p>To examine this issue, this study collected specimens of two morphologically distinct \u003Cjats:italic>Galaxaura\u003C/jats:italic> from Taiwan and the Philippines. These specimens were initially identified as two species (\u003Cjats:italic>G. pacifica\u003C/jats:italic> Tanaka and \u003Cjats:italic>G. filamentosa\u003C/jats:italic> Chou ex Taylor) based on their morphological features. Our molecular analyses, however, unexpectedly showed that these two specimens shared 100% identical \u003Cjats:italic>rbc\u003C/jats:italic> L sequences, indicating that they represented a single species comprising two distinct external morphologies. Furthermore, our extensive observations and molecular analyses on several specimens from different locations in southern Taiwan has revealed that these morphological differences could be due to seasonal variation.\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003C/jats:sec>\n \u003Cjats:sec>\n \u003Cjats:title>Conclusions\u003C/jats:title>\n \u003Cjats:p>This study proposes that \u003Cjats:italic>G.\u003C/jats:italic> “\u003Cjats:italic>filamentosa\u003C/jats:italic>” from the Philippines could represent the remnants of the lower villous part of older gametophytic plants of \u003Cjats:italic>G. pacifica\u003C/jats:italic> after senescence of the upper smooth part of the thallus. As such we propose that these two previously distinct algal species from the northwest Pacific Ocean as a single species, \u003Cjats:italic>G. pacifica\u003C/jats:italic>. This study shows that the biodiversity of the calcified red algae \u003Cjats:italic>Galaxaura\u003C/jats:italic> could be overestimated without the assistance of molecular tools. Additionally, this study provides insights into the biodiversity and unique biology of the calcified red algae \u003Cjats:italic>Galaxaura\u003C/jats:italic>.\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003C/jats:sec>","\u003Cjats:title>Tóm tắt\u003C/jats:title>\n \u003Cjats:sec>\n \u003Cjats:title>Nền tảng\u003C/jats:title>\n \u003Cjats:p>Các thành viên của chi tảo đỏ hóa thạch \u003Cjats:italic>Galaxaura\u003C/jats:italic> chủ yếu phân bố ở các khu vực ấm, ôn đới, cận nhiệt đới và nhiệt đới trên toàn cầu. Khả năng hình thành thallus hóa thạch của các loài tảo này có thể đóng vai trò quan trọng trong chu trình carbon của hệ sinh thái. Các nghiên cứu trước đây đã gợi ý rằng sự đa dạng loài được báo cáo của \u003Cjats:italic>Galaxaura\u003C/jats:italic> có thể bị phex đại do thiếu kiến thức về sự khác biệt hình thái bên ngoài giữa các thực vật giao tử và tetrasporophyte (hoặc giữa các giai đoạn khác nhau của một loài duy nhất).\u003C/jats:p>\n \u003C/jats:sec>\n \u003Cjats:sec>\n \u003Cjats:title>Kết quả\u003C/jats:title>\n \u003Cjats:p>Để xem xét vấn đề này, nghiên cứu đã thu thập các mẫu tảo \u003Cjats:italic>Galaxaura\u003C/jats:italic> có hình thái khác nhau từ Đài Loan và Philippines. Các mẫu này ban đầu được xác định là hai loài (\u003Cjats:italic>G. pacifica\u003C/jats:italic> Tanaka và \u003Cjats:italic>G. filamentosa\u003C/jats:italic> Chou ex Taylor) dựa trên các đặc điểm hình thái của chúng. Tuy nhiên, phân tích phân tử của chúng tôi bất ngờ chỉ ra rằng hai mẫu này có cùng 100% chuỗi \u003Cjats:italic>rbc\u003C/jats:italic> L, cho thấy chúng đại diện cho một loài duy nhất với hai hình thái bên ngoài khác nhau. Hơn nữa, quan sát và phân tích phân tử rộng rãi của chúng tôi trên một số mẫu từ các địa điểm khác nhau ở miền nam Đài Loan đã tiết lộ rằng những khác biệt hình thái này có thể do biến động theo mùa.",{"EN":3973,"VI":3974},"Conspecificity of two morphologically distinct calcified red algae from the northwest Pacific Ocean: Galaxaura pacifica and G. filamentosa (Galaxauraceae, Rhodophyta)","Tính đồng nhất của hai loài tảo đỏ hóa thạch có hình thái khác nhau từ khu vực tây bắc Thái Bình Dương: Galaxaura pacifica và G. filamentosa (Galaxauraceae, Rhodophyta)",{"VOID":3976},"28510896",{"VOID":3978},"10.1186/1999-3110-54-1",[389],[391],"https://as-botanicalstudies.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/1999-3110-54-1",[3983,4000,4019],{"id":3984,"sortIndex":47,"researcher":17,"roles":3985,"affiliations":3986,"properties":3995},"c6708266-5b20-4a8f-aadc-92fa61ed8994",[],[3987],{"id":17,"sortIndex":22,"affiliation":3988,"properties":17},{"id":3989,"createTime":3990,"updateTime":3990,"relativeEntities":3991,"slug":17,"properties":3992,"entityType":21,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22},"58c63a6e-1438-43e8-8312-b98bc9636be9","2024-01-09T00:23:36.917+00:00",[],{"title":3993},{"VI":3994},"Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan",{"openalex":3996,"title":3998},{"VOID":3997},"A5042693159",{"EN":3999},"Wei‐Lung Wang",{"id":4001,"sortIndex":22,"researcher":17,"roles":4002,"affiliations":4003,"properties":4012},"f6fdebbb-345c-4030-a52a-0260cab993c4",[],[4004],{"id":17,"sortIndex":22,"affiliation":4005,"properties":17},{"id":4006,"createTime":4007,"updateTime":4007,"relativeEntities":4008,"slug":17,"properties":4009,"entityType":21,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22},"889a831f-4c08-4931-b008-446a8da62fdf","2023-12-19T18:04:31.491+00:00",[],{"title":4010},{"VI":4011},"Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan",{"openalex":4013,"orcid":4015,"title":4017},{"VOID":4014},"A5024827417",{"VOID":4016},"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4936-0459",{"EN":4018},"Shao‐Lun Liu",{"id":4020,"sortIndex":34,"researcher":17,"roles":4021,"affiliations":4022,"properties":4031},"2ebcd234-37f1-491b-a226-b6b27939038a",[],[4023],{"id":17,"sortIndex":22,"affiliation":4024,"properties":17},{"id":4025,"createTime":4026,"updateTime":4026,"relativeEntities":4027,"slug":17,"properties":4028,"entityType":21,"verifyStatus":387,"verifyTime":17,"verifyNote":17,"syncStatus":387,"languages":17,"translateLanguages":17,"viewCount":22},"c537b1aa-e61c-446e-90c6-544ce238cd91","2023-12-27T16:29:44.610+00:00",[],{"title":4029},{"VI":4030},"Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan",{"openalex":4032,"orcid":4034,"title":4036},{"VOID":4033},"A5034284875",{"VOID":4035},"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5484-6560",{"EN":4037},"Lawrence M. 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